Asparagales
| Asparagales Fossil range: 100 Ma middle Cretaceous - Recent |
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| Asparagus officinalis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales Bromhead |
| Families | |
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See text |
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Asparagales is an order of flowering plants. The order has always included the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications. It is supposed that this group of plants evolved between the late and early Cretaceous, but given the difficult classification of the families involved, this is not entirely certain.
Contents |
APG systems
The revised APG system of 2009, APG III, places the order in the clade monocots with the following circumscription:[1]
Order Asparagales Link
- Family Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (including Agapanthaceae F.Voigt, Alliaceae Borkh.)[2]
- Family Asparagaceae Juss. (including Agavaceae Dumort., Aphyllanthaceae Burnett, Hesperocallidaceae Traub, Hyacinthaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Laxmanniaceae Bubani, Ruscaceae M.Roem., Themidaceae Salisb.)
- Family Asteliaceae Dumort.
- Family Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Family Boryaceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & Conran
- Family Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Family Hypoxidaceae R.Br.
- Family Iridaceae Juss.
- Family Ixioliriaceae Nakai
- Family Lanariaceae R.Dahlgren & A.E.van Wyk
- Family Orchidaceae Juss.
- Family Tecophilaeaceae Leyb.
- Family Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. (including Asphodelaceae Juss. and Hemerocallidaceae R.Br.)
- Family Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & M.F.Fay
The earlier version, APG II, allowed 'bracketed' families, i.e. families which could either be segregated from more comprehensive families or could be included in them. These are the families given under "including" in the list above. APG III does not allow bracketed families, requiring the use of the more comprehensive family; otherwise the circumscription of the Asparagales is unchanged.
The first APG system of 1998 contained some extra families:
- Family Anemarrhenaceae – now included in Agavaceae
- Family Anthericaceae – now included in Agavaceae
- Family Behniaceae – now included in Agavaceae
- Family Convallariaceae – included in Ruscaceae, which is now included in Asparagaceae
- Family Herreriaceae – now included in Agavaceae
Kubitzki system
The volume (1998) in the Kubitzki series of reference books on vascular plants used this circumscription:
- order Asparagales
- family Agapanthaceae
- family Agavaceae
- family Alliaceae
- family Amaryllidaceae
- family Anemarrhenaceae
- family Anthericaceae
- family Aphyllanthaceae
- family Asparagaceae
- family Asphodelaceae
- family Asteliaceae
- family Behniaceae
- family Blandfordiaceae
- family Boryaceae
- family Convallariaceae
- family Doryanthaceae
- family Dracaenaceae
- family Eriospermaceae
- family Hemerocallidaceae
- family Herreriaceae
- family Hyacinthaceae
- family Hostaceae
- family Hypoxidaceae
- family Iridaceae
- family Ixioliriaceae
- family Johnsoniaceae
- family Lanariaceae
- family Lomandraceae
- family Nolinaceae
- family Orchidaceae
- family Ruscaceae
- family Tecophilaeaceae
- family Themidaceae
- family Xanthorrhoeaceae
Dahlgren system
The Dahlgren system placed the order in superorder Lilianae in subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms] and used this circumscription:
- order Asparagales
- family Agavaceae
- family Alliaceae
- family Amaryllidaceae
- family Anthericaceae
- family Aphyllanthaceae
- family Asparagaceae
- family Asphodelaceae
- family Asteliaceae
- family Blandfordiaceae
- family Calectasiaceae
- family Convallariaceae
- family Cyanastraceae
- family Dasypogonaceae
- family Doryanthaceae
- family Dracaenaceae
- family Eriospermaceae
- family Hemerocallidaceae
- family Herreriaceae
- family Hostaceae
- family Hyacinthaceae
- family Hypoxidaceae
- family Ixioliriaceae
- family Lanariaceae
- family Luzuriagaceae
- family Nolinaceae
- family Philesiaceae
- family Phormiaceae
- family Ruscaceae
- family Tecophilaeaceae
- family Xanthorrhoeaceae
Other systems
The Cronquist system did not recognise the order, and placed many of the plants involved in order Liliales (in subclass Liliidae in class Liliopsida [= monocotyledons]). Some genera were even included in family Liliaceae.
The Wettstein system, last revision of 1935, did not recognise such an order, and placed many of the plants involved in order Liliiflorae in class Monocotyledones.
Notes and references
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 105–21, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract
- ↑ The name 'Alliaceae' has been used for the expanded family comprising the original Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthaceae (e.g. in the APG II system). Amaryllidaceae is used as a conserved name in APG III.
- Kubitzki, K. (1998). Conspectus of Families treated in this Volume. In: Kubitzki, K.(Editor): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol.3. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. ISBN 3-540-64060-6
External links