Dahomey

Kingdom of Dahomey
Kingdom
←
1600–1900 →
Capital Abomey
Language(s) Fon
Religion Vodun
Government Monarchy
Ahosu (King)
 - c. 1600-c. 1625 Do-Aklin
 - 1894-1900 Agoli-agbo
History
 - Adja settlers from Allada conquer Abomey 1600
 - King Akaba renames realm to Danhome (Dahomey) 1685
 - Oyo makes Dahomey a tributary kingdom 1726
 - Dahomey throws off Oyo overlords permanently 1818
 - Dahomey conquered in Second Franco-Dahomean War 1894
 - French abolish the kingdom of Dahomey February 12, 1900
Area
 - 1700[1] 8,000 km2 (3,089 sq mi)
Population
 - 1700[1] est. 350,000 
     Density 43.8 /km2  (113.3 /sq mi)

Dahomey was the name of a country in west Africa now called the Republic of Benin. The Kingdom of Dahomey was a powerful west African state founded in the seventeenth century which survived until 1894. From 1894 until 1960 Dahomey was a part of French West Africa. The independent Republic of Dahomey existed from 1960-1975. In 1975, the country was re-named "The People's Republic of Benin" after the Bight of Benin (not the unrelated historical Kingdom of Benin) since "Benin", unlike "Dahomey", was deemed politically neutral for all ethnic groups in the state.[2]

Contents

Economy and politics

The origins of Dahomey can be traced back to a group of Aja from the coastal kingdom of Allada who moved northward and settled among the Fon people of the interior. By about 1650, the Aja managed to dominate the Fon, and Wegbaja declared himself king of their joint territory. Based in his capital of Agbome, Wegbaja and his successors succeeded in establishing a highly centralized state with a deep-rooted kingship cult of sacrificial offerings. These included an emphasis on human sacrifices in large numbers, to the ancestors of the monarch. Human sacrifices were not only made in time of war, pestilence, calamity, and on the death of kings and chiefs, they were also made regularly in the Annual Customs, believed to supply deceased kings with a fresh group of servants. Four thousand Whydahs, for example, were sacrificed when Dahomey conquered Whydah in 1727. Five hundred were sacrificed for Adanzu II in 1791. The sacrifices for Gezo went on for days. Human sacrifice was usually done by beheading, except in the case of the king's wives, who were buried alive. All land was owned directly by the king, who collected taxes from all crops that were produced.

Economically, however, Wegbaja and his successors profited mainly from the slave trade and relations with slavers along the coast. As Dahomey's kings embarked on wars to expand their territory, they began using muskets and other firearms traded with French and Spanish slave traders for young men captured in battle, who fetched a very high price from the European slave merchants. Under King Agadja (ruled 1708-1732), the kingdom conquered Allada, where the ruling family originated. They thus gained direct contact with European slave traders on the coast. Nevertheless, Agadja was unable to defeat the neighbouring kingdom of Oyo, Dahomey's chief rival in the slave trade. By 1730, he became a tributary of Oyo. This means that Dahomey had to pay a yearly duty of heavy taxes, but otherwise remained mostly independent.

Even as a tributary state, Dahomey continued to expand and flourish because of the slave trade and later through the export of palm oil from large plantations that emerged. Because of the economic structure of the kingdom, the land belonged to the king, who had a virtual monopoly on all trade.

As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. The kings of Dahomey sold their war captives into transatlantic slavery, rather than killing them in the Annual Customs. Historian Walter Rodney estimates that by c.1770, the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling captive Africans to the European slave traders. He spent most of the money on British-made firearms (of poor quality) and industrial-grade alcohol.

Gender & Sexuality

The Dahomean state became widely known for its corps of female soldiers. They were organized around the year 1729 to fill out the army and make it look larger in battle, armed only with banners. The women reportedly behaved so courageously that they became a permanent corps. In the beginning the soldiers were criminals pressed into service rather than being executed. Eventually, however, the corps became respected enough that King Ghezo ordered every family to send him their daughters, with the most fit being chosen as soldiers. Richard Francis Burton commented on the "masculine physique of the women, enabling them to compete with men in enduring toil, hardship and privations," and Alfred Ellis concurred that the female soldiers, "endured all the toil and performed all the hard labour."[3]

The women seem to have in fact considered themselves transformed into men, socially if not physically. At a parade in 1850, in which over 2,000 female soldiers participated, one of them began a speech by saying, "As the blacksmith takes an iron bar and by fire changes its fashion, so we have changed our nature. We are no longer women, we are men."[4] About two-thirds of the soldiers were unmarried, and Burton noted a "corps of prostitutes kept for the use of the Amazon-soldieresses."[5]

A similar switch of gender occurred amongst some men close to the royal court. Referred to as lagredis, the boys were chosen from among high ranking families and either castrated or given "potions" to feminize them. Richard Burton referred to them as "special slaves of the king, [who] bear the dignified title of royal wives."[6] These lagredis were as entirely dependent on the king as other wives, but seem to have had more freedom of movement. Two of them reportedly accompanied any emissary sent by the king, in order to serve as the royal eyes and ears on the mission.[7]

Colonial history

During the 19th century, European nations established colonies in Africa to exploit resources further and expand their economic influence. France conquered Dahomey during the Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–1894) and established colonial government there. Most of the troops who fought against Dahomey were native African.

Under French rule, the educated class learned French and the language became widely used. This area is still part of French-speaking Africa.

Independence

In 1958, Dahomey became an autonomous republic; it gained full independence in 1960. The Republic of Dahomey changed its name to Benin in 1975.

In 1971, American novelist Frank Yerby published The Man From Dahomey, a historical novel set partially in Dahomey.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bailyn, page 88
  2. ↑ "WHKMLA : History of the Kingdom of Dahomey". www.zum.de. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/westafrica/dahomeykgd.html. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  3. ↑ Boy-Wives and Female Husbands; Studies of African Homosexualities, edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by St. Martin's Press, New York (1998). p. 103
  4. ↑ Boy-Wives and Female Husbands; Studies of African Homosexualities, edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by St. Martin's Press, New York (1998). p. 104
  5. ↑ Boy-Wives and Female Husbands; Studies of African Homosexualities, edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by St. Martin's Press, New York (1998). p. 103
  6. ↑ Boy-Wives and Female Husbands; Studies of African Homosexualities, edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by St. Martin's Press, New York (1998). p. 102
  7. ↑ Boy-Wives and Female Husbands; Studies of African Homosexualities, edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by St. Martin's Press, New York (1998). p. 102

Sources

Further reading

External links

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