Koxinga

Zheng Chenggong
鄭成功
Born August 1624 (1624-08)
Hirado, Japan
Died June 23, 1662 (1662-06-24) (aged 37)
Tainan, Taiwan
Other names Fukumatsu,[1] Teiseiko,[2] Zheng Sen (鄭森), Koxinga, Coxinga, Cocksinja[3]
Occupation Military leader
Title Guoxingye (國姓爺), Prince of Yanping (延平)[4]
Successor Zheng Jing (鄭經)
Spouse Dong Cuiying[5]
Children Zheng Jing, Zheng Xi
Parents Zheng Zhilong (Father), Tagawa (Mother)
Relatives Tagawa Shichizaemon (Half-Brother), Zheng Cai (鄭彩) (Cousin),[6] Zheng Hongkui (鄭鴻逵) (Uncle),[7] Zheng Keshuang (鄭克塽) (Grandson), Zheng Kezang (鄭克臧) (Grandson)[8]

Koxinga (traditional Chinese: 國姓爺; pinyin: Guóxìngyé; Wade–Giles: Kuo-hsing-yeh; Pe̍h-oē-jī: Kok-sèng-iâ/Kok-sìⁿ-iâ; Lord with the Imperial Surname) is the customary Western spelling [9] of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong (traditional Chinese: 鄭成功; pinyin: Zhèng Chénggōng; Wade–Giles: Cheng Ch'eng-kung; Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tēⁿ Sêng-kong; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Tshàng Sṳ̀n-Kûng; Foochow Romanized: Dâng Sìng-gŭng), the famous military leader who was born in 1624 in Hirado, Japan between Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant/pirate, and his Japanese wife and died in 1662 on the island of Formosa. The earliest Westerners to record about the Koxinga apparently had confused this with his name.

A Ming loyalist and the arch commander of the Ming troops on the maritime front for the later monarchs of the withering dynasty, the Koxinga devoted the last 16 years of his life to resisting the conquest of China by the nomadic Manchus. Upon defeating the forces of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) on Formosa in last campaign in 1661-1662, the Koxinga took over the island in order to support his grand campaign against the Manchu-ruled Qing Dynasty. After the Koxinga's death, however, his son and successor, Zheng Jing (鄭經), gradually turned into the ruler of an independent Kingdom of Tungning, the first ethnically Chinese state to rule the island.

Contents

Early years

In 1624, Koxinga, whose name at birth was Zheng Sen, was born in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan to Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant and pirate, and a Japanese woman whose surname was Tagawa, and whose given name has been lost to posterity.[10] He was raised there until the age of seven and then moved to Nan'an county in Quanzhou in Fujian province of China.

In 1638, Koxinga became a Xiucai (a successful candidate) in the imperial examination and became one of the twelve Linshansheng (廩膳生) of Nan'an. In 1641, Koxinga married the niece of Dong Yangxian, an official who was a Jinshi from Hui'an. In 1644, Koxinga studied at the Imperial Nanking University, where he met and became a student of the scholar Qian Qianyi.[11]

In 1644, Beijing fell to rebels led by Li Zicheng and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on a tree at modern-day Jingshan Park in Beijing. Manchurian armies aided by Wu Sangui's forces defeated the rebels and took the city. The Ming remnant forces retreated to Nanjing where the Prince Fu ascended to the throne as the Hongguang Emperor. The next year, the Manchurian armies led by Dodo advanced south and conquered Yangzhou and Nanjing while the Ming defending leader of Yangzhou, Shi Kefa, was killed. The Hongguang Emperor was captured and executed.

Longwu Emperor's reign

In 1645, Prince Tang was installed on the throne as the Longwu Emperor with support from Zheng Zhilong and his family.[12] The Longwu Emperor established his court in Fuzhou, which was controlled by the Zhengs. In the later part of the year, another Ming Prince Lu proclaimed himself as Regent (監國) in Shaoxing and established his own court there. Although Prince Lu and Longwu's regimes stemmed from the same dynasty, both of them pursued different goals.

It was due to the natural defences of Fujian and the provision of military resources by the Zheng family, that the emperor was able to remain safe for some time.[13] The Longwu Emperor granted Zheng Zhilong's son, Zheng Sen, a new personal name, "Chenggong" (success), and the title of Guoxingye ("Lord of the Imperial Surname"; Koxinga).[13]

In 1646, Koxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchurian invaders and won the favour of the Longwu Emperor. The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counter-offensive against the rapidly-expanding forces of the newly-established Qing Dynasty by the Manchus. Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass (仙霞關), Shi Fu (aka Shi Tianfu, a relative of Shi Lang), to retreat to Fuzhou even when Qing armies approached Fujian. As such, the Qing army faced little resistance when it conquered the north of the pass. In September 1646, Qing armies broke through inadequately defended mountain passes and entered Fujian. Zheng Zhilong retreated to his coastal fortress and the Longwu Emperor faced the Qing armies alone. Longwu's forces were destroyed and he was captured and died shortly afterwards.[14]

Zheng Zhilong's surrender and the death of Tagawa

The Qing forces sent envoys to meet Zheng Zhilong secretly and they offered to appoint him as the governor of both Fujian and Guangdong provinces if he would surrender to Qing. Zheng Zhilong agreed and ignored the objections of his family, surrendering himself to the Qing forces in Fuzhou on 21 November 1646.[15] Koxinga and his uncles were left as the successors to the leadership of Zheng Zhilong's military forces. Koxinga operated outside Xiamen and recruited many to join his cause in a few months. He used the superiority of his naval forces to launch amphibious raids on Manchu-occupied territory in Fujian and he managed to take Tong'an in Quanzhou prefecture in early 1647. However, Koxinga's forces lacked the ability to defend the newly-occupied territory.[16]

Following the fall of Tong'an to Zheng, the Manchus launched a counterattack in the spring of 1647, during which they stormed the Zheng family's hometown of Anping. Koxinga's mother, Tagawa, had come from Japan in 1645 to join her family in Fujian (Koxinga's younger half-brother, Tagawa Shichizaemon, remained in Japan).[17] She did not follow her husband to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. She was caught by Manchu forces in Anping and committed suicide after refusal to submit to the enemy, according to traditional accounts.[18]

Resisting the Qing Dynasty

Zheng Chenggong statue

By 1650, Koxinga was strong enough to establish himself as the head of the Zheng family.[18] He pledged allegiance to the only remaining claimant to the throne of the Ming Dynasty, the Yongli Emperor. The Yongli Emperor was fleeing from the Manchus in south-western China with a motley court and hastily assembled army then. Despite one fruitless attempt, Koxinga was unable to do anything to aid the last Ming emperor.[18] Instead, he decided to concentrate on securing his own position on the southeast coast.

Koxinga enjoyed a series of military successes in 1651 and 1652 that increased the Qing government's anxiety over the threat he posed.[19] Zheng Zhilong wrote a letter to his son from Beijing, presumably at the request of the Shunzhi Emperor and the Qing government, urging his son to negotiate with the Manchurians. The long series of negotiations between Koxinga and the Qing Dynasty lasted until November 1654. The Qing government appointed Prince Jidu (son of Jirgalang) to lead an attack on Koxinga's territory after the failed negotiations.[20]

On 9 May 1656, Jidu's armies attacked Jinmen, an island near Xiamen that Koxinga had been using to train his troops. Partly as a result of a major storm, the Manchus were defeated and they lost most of their fleet in the battle.[21] Koxinga had sent one of his naval commanders to capture Zhoushan island prior to Jidu's attack,[22] and now that the Manchus were temporarily without an effective naval force in the Fujian area, Koxinga was free to send a huge army to Zhoushan, which he intended to use as a base to capture Nanjing.

Koxinga's landing

Image in Koxinga Temple in Tainan
Extent of territory held by Koxinga.

In 1661, Koxinga led his troops on a landing at Lu'ermen to attack the Dutch colonists at Taiwan. On 1 February 1662, the Dutch Governor of Taiwan, Frederik Coyett, surrendered Fort Zeelandia to Koxinga. In the peace treaty, Koxinga was styled "Lord Teibingh Tsiante Teysiancon Koxin"[3]. This effectively ended 38 years of Dutch rule on Taiwan. Koxinga then devoted himself to transforming Taiwan into a military base for loyalists who wanted to restore the Ming Dynasty.

Koxinga died of malaria at the age of 37. There were speculations that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son Zheng Jing. Zheng Jing had an affair with a nurse and conceived a child with her. Zheng Jing succeeded his father as the King of Tungning.

Popular culture and other influences

Statue of Koxinga in Old Fort of Anping, Tainan, Taiwan

Koxinga is worshipped as a god in coastal China especially Fujian and Taiwan and by overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. There is a temple dedicated to Koxinga and his mother in Tainan City, Taiwan.

The play The Battles of Coxinga (Kokusen'ya Kassen, 国姓爺合戦; formerly 國姓爺合戰) was written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon in Japan in the 18th century, first performed in Kyoto. A 2001 film entitled Zheng Chenggong 1661 (鄭成功 1661) starred Vincent Zhao as Koxinga. Its English title was Sino-Dutch War 1661.[4] The film was renamed Kokusenya Kassen (国姓爺合戦) after the aforementioned play and released in Japan in 2002.

In politics, Koxinga is an interesting figure because several opposing political forces have invoked him as a hero. For this reason, historical narratives regarding Koxinga frequently differ in explaining his motives and affiliation.

Koxinga is considered a national hero in Mainland China because he drove the Dutch away from Taiwan and established ethnically Chinese rule over the island.

During the Japanese control of Taiwan, Koxinga was honored as a bridge between Taiwan and Japan for his maternal linkage to Japan.

The Chinese Nationalist Party regarded Koxinga as a patriot who retreated to Taiwan and used it as a base to launch counterattacks against the Qing Dynasty of mainland China. As such, the Nationalists have frequently compared Koxinga to their leader Chiang Kai-shek.

Supporters of Taiwan independence have held mixed feelings toward Koxinga. Recent Taiwanese independence supporters have presented him in a positive light, portraying him as a native Taiwanese hero seeking to keep Taiwan independent from a mainland Chinese government.

Koxinga is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei. He is addressed as "Zheng Chenggong" in the game.

In modern times, the Koxinga is regarded as a hero in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and Japan for various reasons.

See also

References and notes

  1. ↑ Keene, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance, 45.
  2. ↑ Paske-Smith, Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, 1603 - 1868, p. 83.
  3. ↑ Keene, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance, 45.
  4. ↑ Carioti, Patrizia. “The Zhengs' Maritime Power in the International Context of the 17th Century Far East Seas: The Rise of a 'Centralised Piratical Organisation' and Its Gradual Development into an Informal 'State'”. Ming Qing Yanjiu (1996): p. 52.
  5. ↑ John E. Wills and Donald Keene both agree that Zheng's wife's surname was "Dong" (董), John E. Wills, Jr., Pepper, Guns and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China 1622-1681 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 28, and Donald Keene, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance, (London: Taylor's Foreign Press, 1950), 46. Jonathan Clements, however, claims her name was "Deng Cuiying", Jonathan Clements, Coxinga and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty (Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2004), 92. Chang et al., The English Factory in Taiwan, 1670 - 1685, Taipei: National Taiwan University, 1995. p. 740 introduces her as "Tung Ts'ui-ying", which would be "Dong Cuiying" in Hanyu Pinyin.
  6. ↑ Struve, Southern Ming, p. 88.
  7. ↑ Struve, Southern Ming, p. 77
  8. ↑ Hung Chien-chao. “Taiwan Under the Cheng Family, 1662 – 1683: Sinicization After Dutch Rule.” Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University. p. 265
  9. ↑ Koxinga's Shrine
  10. ↑ Ralph Croizier, Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism: History, Myth, and the Hero (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 11, and Donald Keene, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance, (London: Taylor's Foreign Press, 1950), 45. Tonio Andrade writes her name as "Tagawa Matsu" (田川松), but he provides no source for this. Tonio Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), Chapter 10, paragraph 7. [1]
  11. ↑ Croizier, Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism: History, Myth, and the Hero, p. 12, and Carioti, "The Zhengs' Maritime Power in the International Context of the 17th Century Far East Seas: The Rise of a 'Centralised Piratical Organisation' and Its Gradual Development into an Informal 'State'", p. 41, n. 29.
  12. ↑ Frederick Mote & Denis Twitchett, editors, The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 658-660.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 87-88.
  14. ↑ Frederick Mote & Denis Twitchett, editors, The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 675-676.
  15. ↑ Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 98.
  16. ↑ Tonio Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), Chapter 10, paragraph 12. [2]
  17. ↑ Donald Keene, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance, (London: Taylor's Foreign Press, 1950), 46.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 116.
  19. ↑ Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 159.
  20. ↑ Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 160-166.
  21. ↑ Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 181.
  22. ↑ Lynn A. Struve, The Southern Ming 1644 – 1662 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 182.

Bibliography & Further Reading