Menes
| Menes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus: Mênês Eusebius: Mênês |
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| Pharaoh of Egypt | ||||
| Predecessor | - | |||
| Successor | Hor-Aha? | |||
Menes (Greek: Μήνης;[4] Egyptian: Meni) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty (Dynasty I).[5]
The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus[1][2][3] identifies Menes with the protodynastic pharaoh Narmer (also credited with the unification of Egypt) as the first pharaoh, evidenced by different royal titularies in the historical and archaeological records respectively.
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Name and identity
| Menes in hieroglyphs |
|---|
The commonly used Menes derives from Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the Ptolemaic period. Manetho used the name in the form Μήνης (transliterated: Mênês).[4][6] An alternative Greek form, Μιν (transliterated: Min), was cited by the fifth-century BCE historian Herodotus[7], a variant no longer considered the result of contamination from the name of the god Min.[8]
The Egyptian form, Meni, is taken from the Turin and Abydos king lists (dated Dynasty XIX).[6]
The name, Menes, means "He who endures", which, Edwards (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost".[4] Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the protodynastic pharaohs Ka, Scorpion and Narmer.[4]
Menes and Narmer
The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record,[4] and the comparative wealth of evidence of Narmer, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim[2] to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer.
The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an ivory label from Naqada which shows the royal Horus-name Aha (the pharaoh Hor-Aha) next to a building, within which is the royal nebty-name mn,[9] generally taken to be Menes.[10][4] From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word mn (a name or the verb endures) and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen.[1]
The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct,[1] list the nebty-names of the pharaohs, not their Horus-names,[2] and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the nebty-names of the king lists, the Horus-names of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources.[2]
Petrie first attempted this task,[2] associating Iti with Djer as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, Teti (Turin) (or another Iti (Abydos)) with Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a nebty-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I.[2][1] Lloyd (1994) finds this succession "extremely probable",[2] and Cervelló-Autuori (2003) categorically states that "Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him".[3]
History
Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honour of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into in a single kingdom[11][6] and becoming the first pharaoh of Dynasty I.[12]
However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the Fifth dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus.[13] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Graeco-Roman Period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as important figure.[14]
Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, similar to Romulus in Ancient Rome.[15]
Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".[12]
Capital
Manetho associates the city of Thinis with the first dynasties (Dynasty I and Dynasty II) and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis.[12] Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of Memphis as his capital[16] after diverting the course of the River Nile through the construction of a dyke.[17] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,[12] and calls no pharaohs earlier than Dynasty III "Memphite".[18]
Cultural influence
Diodorus Siculus states that Menes introduced the worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice[19] as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living.[19]
For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the Dynasty XXIV pharaoh Tefnakht, and Plutarch mentions a pillar at Thebes on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury.[19]
Crocodile episode
Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes,[20] related by the priests of the crocodile-god Sobek at Crocodilopolis,[21] in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting,[22] fled across Lake Moeris on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis.[21][22][23]
Edwards (1974) states that "the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value",[23] but Maspero (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators[24] that the story should be transferred to the Dynasty XII pharaoh Amenemhat III and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes.[22]
Joseph (2004) interprets the story as an allegory for the victory of Menes and his allies in his war of unification, and in which Menes' enemies are symbolised insultingly as dogs.[21]
Faber (1816), taking the word campsa to mean either crocodile or ark and preferring the latter, identifies Menes with Noah and the entire story as a deluge myth.[25]
Death
According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.[12][26] Waddell (1930), although widely dismissed,[27] claims Menes died in Ireland of a wasp sting.[28]
In popular culture
Alexander Dow (1735/6 - 1779), a Scottish orientalist and playwright, wrote the tragedy Sethona, set in ancient Egypt, in which the lead part of Menes is described in the dramatis personæ as "next male-heir to the crown" now worn by Seraphis, and was played by Samuel Reddish in a 1774 production by David Garrick at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.[29]
See also
- Min (god)
- Narmer
- Hor-Aha
- Thinis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Edwards 1971: 13
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Lloyd 1994: 7
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cervelló-Autuori 2003: 174
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Edwards 1971: 11
- ↑ Beck et al. 1999
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Etheredge 2008
- ↑ Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff.
- ↑ Lloyd 1994: 6
- ↑ Gardiner 1961: 405
- ↑ Originally, the full royal title of a pharaoh was Horus-name x nebty-name y. For brevity's sake, only one element might be used, but the choice varied between circumstances and period. In Dynasty I, the Horus-name was used for a living pharaoh, the nebty-name for the dead. (Lloyd 1994: 7)
- ↑ Maspero 1903: 331
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 131
- ↑ Shaw and Nicholson 1995: 218
- ↑ Ryholt 2009
- ↑ Manley 1997: 22
- ↑ Herodotus: 2.99.4.
- ↑ Herodotus: 2.109
- ↑ Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 133
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Elder 1849: 1040
- ↑ Diodorus (n.d.): 45
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Joseph 2004: 99
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Maspero 1910: 235
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Edwards 1974: 22
- ↑ e.g. Elder 1849: 1040: in defiance of chronology
- ↑ Faber 1816: 195
- ↑ Sayce and Gibbon 1906: 15
- ↑ Hesse 1969: 188 n. 1
- ↑ Waddell 1930: 60
- ↑ Dow 1774
Bibliography
- Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). World history: Patterns of interaction. Evanston: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
- Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2003). "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos". Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000. 2. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Diodorus Siculus (n.d.). Bibliotheca historica. 1.
- Dow, Alexander (1774). Sethona: a tragedy, as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. London: T. Becket. http://books.google.com/?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ.
- Edwards, I. E. S. (1971). "The early dynastic period in Egypt". The Cambridge Ancient History. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Elder, Edward (1844). "Menes". In Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. 2. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. http://books.google.com/?id=HP4rAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&q.
- Etheredge, Laura (2008). "Menes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052008.
- Faber, George Stanley (1816). The origin of pagan idolatry: ascertained from historical testimony and circumstantial evidence. 2. London: F. and C. Rivingtons. http://books.google.com/?id=YcNBAAAAcAAJ.
- Gardiner, Alan (1961). Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Herodotus (n.d.). The Histories.
- Joseph, Frank ([2002] 2004). The destruction of Atlantis: compelling evidence of the sudden fall of the legendary civilization. Rochester, Vermont: Bear & Company. ISBN 1591430194. http://books.google.com/?id=FvHm49oiVIEC.
- Lloyd, Alan B. ([1975] 1994). Herodotus: Book II. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 9004041796. http://books.google.com/?id=GQ7e1nuD9tcC.
- Maspero, Gaston (1903). "History of Egypt". In Sayce, Archibald Henry. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria. 9. N.p.: Kessinger Publishing
- Maspero, Gaston; Sayce, Archibald Henry (ed.); McClure, M. L. (trans.) ([1894] 1910). The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. ISBN 9780766177741. http://books.google.com/?id=D3G46cJAW00C.
- Manley, Bill (1997). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin. ISBN 0140513310.
- Rachewiltz, Boris de (1969). "Pagan and magic elements in Ezra Pound's works". In Hesse, Eva. New approaches to Ezra Pound. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. http://books.google.com/?id=yXYlK8Uh3dUC.
- Ryholt, Kim (2009). "Egyptian historical literature from the Greco-Roman period". In Fitzenreiter, Martin. Das Ereignis, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund. London: Golden House Publications.
- Sayce, Archibald Henry; Gibbon, Edward (1906). Ancient Empires of the East. 1. Philadelphia: J. D. Morris. ISBN 0-8109-9096-2.
- Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995). The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. N.p.: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.. ISBN 0-8109-9096-2.
- Verbrugghe, Gerald P.; Wickersham, John M. ([1996] 2001). Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 047208687. http://books.google.com/?id=2kAED-kQCJkC.
- Waddell, L. A. (1930). Egyptian civilization: Its Sumerian origin. London: n.p.. ISBN 9780766142732. http://books.google.com/?id=4UkunFgdis0C.
External links
- Narmer: Titulary
- The Contendings of Horus and Seth
- Image of Menes on Aldokkan Ancient Egyptian Civilization
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