NPR

NPR
Type Public radio network
Country United States
First air date April 1971
Availability Global
Founded February 24, 1970
Endowment US$258 million
Revenue US$159 million
Net income US$18.9 million
Owner National Public Radio, Inc.
Key people Kevin Klose, President Emeritus
Vivian Schiller, President and Chief Executive Officer
Mitch Praver, Chief Operating Officer
Former names Association of Public Radio Stations
National Educational Radio Network
Official Website npr.org

NPR, formerly National Public Radio,[1][2] is a privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization that serves as a national syndicator to 797 public radio stations in the United States of America.[3] NPR was created in 1970, following congressional passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which also created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes. This Board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first President of NPR with studios in Washington D.C., 30 employees and 90 public radio stations as charter members.

NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced. Most public radio stations broadcast a mixture of NPR programs, content from rival providers American Public Media, Public Radio International and Public Radio Exchange, and locally produced programs. NPR's flagships are two drive time news broadcasts, Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered; both are carried by most NPR member stations, and from 2002–2008 they were the second and third most popular radio programs in the country.[4][5] In a Harris poll conducted in 2005, NPR was voted the most trusted news source in the U.S.[6]

NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System, which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International.

Contents

History

Logo used during 1990s

National Public Radio was founded on February 24, 1970.[7] It replaced the National Educational Radio Network. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering the United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War. Shortly thereafter, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations. As a membership organization, NPR was then charged with providing stations with training, program promotion, and management, and with representing the interests of public radio before Congress and providing content delivery mechanisms, such as satellite transmission.

NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's president, Frank Mankiewicz, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy.[8] In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt.[9]

On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes.[10] The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008.[10]

In Fall 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall.[11]

Governance

NPR headquarters at 635 Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C.

NPR is a membership corporation. Member stations are required to be noncommercial or educational radio stations, have at least five full-time professional employees, operate for at least 18 hours per day, and not be designed solely to further a religious philosophy or be used for classroom programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep").

To oversee the day to day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a Board of Directors. This board is composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. Terms are for three years and rotate such that some stand for election every year.

The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the Board of Directors, are the following:

As of December 2010, the Board of Directors of NPR included the following members:

NPR Member Station Managers
President of NPR
Chair of the NPR Foundation
Public Members of the Board

On March 6, 2008, Ken Stern left his position as CEO by mutual agreement, after having led NPR during its most lucrative decade. He was replaced on an interim basis by Dennis L. Haarsager.[13]

Funding

In 2009, NPR revenues totaled $164 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants, contributions and sponsorships.[14] According to the 2009 financial statement, about 40% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations to receive programming. Typically, NPR member stations raise funds through on-air pledge drives, corporate underwriting, and grants from state governments, universities, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from direct government funding, 10% of their revenue from federal funding in the form of CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities.[14][15] NPR receives no direct funding from the federal government.[16] About 1.5% of NPR's revenues come from Corporation for Public Broadcasting grants.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes. More money to fund the NPR network was raised from listeners, charitable foundations and corporations instead.

Underwriting spots vs. commercials

In contrast with commercial radio, NPR does not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major donors, such as Allstate, Merck, and Archer Daniels Midland. These statements are called underwriting spots, not commercials, and, unlike commercials, are governed by FCC restrictions; they cannot advocate a product or contain any "call to action". In 2009, corporate sponsorship made up 26% of the NPR budget.[14]

Grants

On November 6, 2003, NPR was given over US$225 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's Corporation. This was a record—the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution.[17][18] For context, the 2003 annual budget of NPR was US$101 million. In 2004 that number increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment.[19] The endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees. [17] The 2005 budget was about US$120 million.

In October 2010, NPR accepted a $1.8 million grant from the Open Society Foundations. The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that is intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states over the next three years.[20].

Production facilities and listenership

NPR's major production facilities have been based in Washington, D.C. since its creation. On November 2, 2002, a West Coast production facility, dubbed "NPR West", opened in Culver City, California. NPR opened NPR West to improve its coverage of the western United States, to expand its production capabilities (shows produced there include News & Notes and Day to Day), and to create a fully functional backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington.

According to a 2003 Washington Monthly story, about 20 million listeners tune into NPR each week. The average listener is 50 years old,[21] and earns an annual income of US$78,000. As of 2006, NPR's listenership is 80% white and 20% non-white.[22] While Arbitron tracks public radio listenership, they do not include public radio in their published rankings of radio stations.

NPR stations generally do not subscribe to the Arbitron rating service, and are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records. However, NPR station listenership is measured by Arbitron in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessued using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community. Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium, a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Aribtron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.[23]

NPR and Social Media

NPR has been dubbed as "leveraging the Twitter generation", because of their adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of their primary vehicles of information. Of NPR’s Twitter followers, the majority (67%) still do listen to NPR on the radio. According to Mashable.com, in a survey of more than 10,000 respondents, NPR found that its Twitter (Twitter) followers are younger, more connected to the social web, and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as NPR’s website, podcasts, mobile apps and more. NPR has more than one Twitter account; its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts, including topical account, show-specific accounts and on-air staff accounts.[24]

Programming

Programs produced by NPR

News and public affairs programs

NPR News logo

NPR produces a morning and an afternoon news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly news briefs around the clock. NPR formerly distributed the World Radio Network, a daily compilation of news reports from international radio news, but no longer does so.

Cultural programming

Programs distributed by NPR

News and public affairs

Cultural programs

Public radio programs not affiliated with NPR

Individual NPR stations can broadcast programming from sources that have no formal affiliation with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.

Many shows produced or distributed by Public Radio International—such as This American Life , Living on Earth and Whad'Ya Know?—are broadcast on public radio stations, but are not affiliated with NPR. PRI and NPR are separate production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other for programming slots on public radio stations.

Public Radio Exchange also offers a national distribution network where a significant number of public radio stations go to acquire programs from independent producers. PRX provides a catalog of thousands of radio pieces available on-demand as broadcast quality audio files and available for streaming on the PRX.org website.

Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and affiliate stations of PRI, APM, and PRX at the same time. The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations. Other popular shows, like A Prairie Home Companion and Marketplace, are produced by American Public Media, the national programming unit of Minnesota Public Radio. These programs were distributed by Public Radio International prior to APM's founding. Democracy Now!, the flagship news program of the Pacifica Radio network, provides a feed to NPR stations, and other Pacifica programs can occasionally be heard on these stations as well.

Additionally, NPR member stations distribute a series of podcast-only programs, such as Planet Money, On Gambling with Mike Pesca, Groove Salad, and Youthcast, which are designed for younger audiences.

Allegations of ideological bias

Allegations of liberal bias

A 2005 study conducted by researchers at UCLA and the University of Missouri found that Morning Edition leans left. At the time Morning Edition had a bias comparable to the The Washington Post and the CBS Morning Show, and was slightly more liberal than Time, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report.[25] It found Morning Edition to be more liberal than the average U.S. Republican of the time of the study and more conservative than the average U.S. Democrat of the time. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, a progressive media watchdog group,[26] disputes the claim of a liberal bias.[27]

Allegations of conservative bias

A December 2005 column run by NPR ombudsman and former Vice President Jeffrey Dvorkin denied allegations by some listeners that NPR relies heavily on conservative think-tanks.[28] In his column, Dvorkin listed the number of times NPR had cited experts from conservative and liberal think tanks in the previous year as evidence. The totals were 239 for conservative think tanks, and 141 for liberal ones. He noted that while the number of times liberal think tanks were cited was less, in addition to think tanks the liberal point of view is commonly provided by academics.

In 2003, some critics accused NPR of being supportive of the invasion of Iraq.[29][30]

Allegations of bias against Israel

NPR has been criticised for perceived bias in its coverage of Israel.[31][32][33][34] The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), a pro-Israel American media monitoring organization based in Boston, has been particularly critical of NPR. CAMERA director Andrea Levin has stated, "We consider NPR to be the most seriously biased mainstream media outlet," a statement that The Boston Globe describes as having "clearly gotten under her target's skin."[34] NPR's then-Ombudsman, Jeffrey A. Dvorkin, said in a 2002 interview that CAMERA used selective citations and subjective definitions of what it considers pro-Palestinian bias in formulating its findings, and that he felt CAMERA's campaign was "a kind of McCarthyism, frankly, that bashes us and causes people to question our commitment to doing this story fairly. And it exacerbates the legitimate anxieties of many in the Jewish community about the survival of Israel."[35]

Allegations of elitism and the status quo

A 2004 FAIR study concluded that "NPR’s guestlist shows the radio service relies on the same elite and influential sources that dominate mainstream commercial news, and falls short of reflecting the diversity of the American public."[36]

Noam Chomsky has criticized NPR as being biased toward ideological power and the status quo. He alleges that the parameters of debate on a given topic are very consciously curtailed. He says that since the network maintains studios in ideological centers of opinion such as Washington, the network feels the necessity to carefully consider what kinds of dissenting opinion are acceptable. Thus, political pragmatism, perhaps induced by fear of offending public officials who control some of the NPR's funding (via CPB), often determines what views are suitable for broadcast, meaning that opinions critical of the structures of national-interest-based foreign policy, capitalism, and government bureaucracies (entailed by so-called "radical" or "activist" politics) usually do not make it to air.[37]

Defenders' rebuttals

Supporters contend that NPR does its job well. A study conducted in 2003 by the polling firm Knowledge Networks and the University of Maryland's Program on International Policy Attitudes showed that those who get their news and information from public broadcasting (NPR and PBS) are better informed than those whose information comes from other media outlets. In one study, NPR and PBS audiences had a more accurate understanding of the events in Iraq versus all audiences for cable and broadcast TV networks and the print media.[38][39]

Controversies

Andrei Codrescu comments

On the December 19, 1995, broadcast of All Things Considered, NPR commentator Andrei Codrescu reported that some Christians believe in a "rapture" and 4 million believers will ascend to Heaven immediately. He continued, "The evaporation of 4 million who believe this crap would leave the world an instantly better place."[40]

NPR subsequently apologized for Cordrescu's comments, saying, "Those remarks offended listeners and crossed a line of taste and tolerance that we should have defended with greater vigilance."[41]

Nina Totenberg comments

In 1995 Nina Totenberg commented that if there was "retributive justice," former Sen. Jesse Helms would "get AIDS from a transfusion, or one of his grandchildren will get it."[42][43] Helms had strongly opposed funding for AIDS research and treatment,[44] saying that "deliberate, disgusting, revolting conduct" was to blame for it.[45] NPR took no action over Totenberg's remarks.

Juan Williams comments

On October 20, 2010, NPR terminated Senior News Analyst Juan Williams's independent contract[46] over comments which were referred to as "inconsistent with our editorial standards and practices, and undermined his credibility as a news analyst with NPR". News reports indicate that this is in reference to remarks he made on the Fox News Channel where he concurred with statements suggesting that the United States was facing a "Muslim dilemma". He also said, "But when I get on the plane, I got to tell you, if I see people who are in Muslim garb and I think, you know, they are identifying themselves first and foremost as Muslims, I get worried. I get nervous." Furthermore, referring to comments made by a Pakistani immigrant who pleaded guilty to trying to plant a car bomb in Times Square, Williams said "He said the war with Muslims, America's war is just beginning, first drop of blood. I don't think there's any way to get away from these facts." [47]

NPR CEO Vivian Schiller defended her choice by asserting that Williams has a history of making controversial comments in violation of NPR's ethics policy with comments made on Fox News news and in print newspapers. Earlier, he had said of US First-Lady Michelle Obama "she's got this Stokely Carmichael in a designer dress thing going." [48][49] NPR's on-air contributors have been advised to limit their association with FOX. Williams had "been warned several times that [Bill] O’Reilly is a professional provocateur and to be careful."[50]

After NPR announced his ouster, Alicia Shepard, NPR's ombudsman, admitted that the firing was poorly handled. She opined that Williams could have been given a chance to explain himself to NPR's management or been suspended pending review of his case. However, she ultimately agreed with NPR's decision.[50] Schiller told an audience at the Atlanta Press Club that Williams should have kept his feeling about Muslims between himself and "his psychiatrist or his publicist". Later, Schiller placed a post on the NPR website "I spoke hastily and I apologize to Juan and others for my thoughtless remark”.[51] Although a number of prominent conservatives, including Jim DeMint, Sarah Palin, and Newt Gingrich have renewed long-standing calls that NPR lose Federal funding that it currently receives,[52] donations from NPR listener-members during NPR's October fundraising drive remained unaffected in the first 3 days.[52] FOX News granted Williams a new $2 million, three-year contract with an expanded role at their network. FOX has been heavily promoting the incident "with hourly reports about the controversy on both its news and opinion programs."[52] Bill O'Reilly has accused NPR of bias in firing Williams. [53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ National Public Radio is changing its name to NPR - Washington Post, July 8, 2010
  2. ↑ National Public Radio is now just NPR. Can nothing stop this move toward abbreviations? - LA Times, 12 Jul 2010
  3. ↑ "How NPR Works: NPR's Mission Statement". NPR. Archived from the original on 2007-01-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20070117145258/http://www.npr.org/about/nprworks.html. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  4. ↑ ""Mandela: An Audio History" on NPR's All Things Considered Series". National Public Radio. April 9, 2004. http://www.npr.org/about/press/040412.mandela.html. "All Things Considered, NPR's daily, afternoon newsmagazine was first broadcast in 1971, and according to recent reports is the third most listened radio show in the country, attracting a weekly audience of 11.5 million people on 605 public radio stations nationwide." 
  5. ↑ Listener Supported. 2005. ISBN 0275983528. http://books.google.com/?id=KIwTKWj04wEC&pg=PA175&dq=%22most-listened-to+radio+programs%22. "Conceived as "alternatives," Morning Edition and All Things Considered are the second and third most listened-to radio programs in the ..." 
  6. ↑ Eggerton, John (2005-11-10). "Survey Says: Noncom News Most Trusted". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6282871.html?display=Breaking+News&referral=SUPP. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  7. ↑ "Publicradiomail.org". Publicradiomail.org. http://www.publicradiomail.org/npr_online/home.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  8. ↑ "GAO statement on NPR financial crisis, 1984". Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at Current.org. 1984. http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/GAOonNPR84.html. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  9. ↑ "History of public broadcasting in the United States". Current.org. http://www.current.org/history/timeline/timeline-1980s.shtml#1986. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Carney, Steve (2008-12-10). "National Public Radio to cut shows, personnel". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2008/12/national-public.html. Retrieved 2008-12-11. 
  11. ↑ "NPR reaches new audience high, NPR press release, March 24, 2009". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/about/press/2009/032409.AudienceRecord.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  12. ↑ Siemering, William (1999-11-29). "National Public Radio Purposes". Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at Current.org. http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/NPRpurposes.html. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  13. ↑ NPR Leader out After Board Clash, Washington Post, 2008-03-06
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Public Radio Finances". NPR. http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/publicradiofinances.html. Retrieved 2010-10-22. 
  15. ↑ "NPR Responds". http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2009/02/npr_responds.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-14. 
  16. ↑ National Public Radio. "Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2008/01/frequently_asked_questions_1.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Billions and Billions Served, Hundreds of Millions Donated". New York Times. November 7, 2003. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EFD81439F934A35752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-07-28. "National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least $200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald's restaurant chain. The gift is the largest in the 33-year history of NPR, the nonprofit broadcasting corporation -- and about twice the size of NPR's annual operating budget. It is believed to be among the largest ever pledged to an American cultural institution." 
  18. ↑ National Public Radio (2003-11-06). "NPR Receives a Record Bequest of More Than $200 Million". Press release. http://www.npr.org/about/press/031106.kroc.html. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  19. ↑ Janssen, Mike (2004-05-24). "Kroc gift lets NPR expand news, lower fees". Current.org. http://www.current.org/npr/npr0409krocgift.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  20. ↑ "The Situation Room". http://archives.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1010/22/sitroom.02.html. 
  21. ↑ "Profile 2007: National Public Radio Station Audiences". Mediamark. July 2007. http://www.nprstations.org/research/audience/index.cfm. 
  22. ↑ "The Listeners of National Public Radio". Onthemedia.org. 2006-09-01. http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2006/09/01/08. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  23. ↑ Fong-Torres, Ben (2006-03-12). "Radio Waves". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/12/PKGU9GINB71.DTL. Retrieved 2008-04-26. 
  24. ↑ Spiegel, Rachel. "Research: Thalido…". http://science-educat…. Retrieved 30 April 2006. 
  25. ↑ Tim Groseclose (14 December 2005). "Media Bias Is Real, Find UCLA Political Scientist". UCLA. http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6664. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  26. ↑ "What's FAIR?". FAIR. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=100. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  27. ↑ Steve Rendall; Daniel Butterworth (June 2004). "How Public is Public Radio?". Extra!. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1180. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 
  28. ↑ Jeffrey A. Dvorkin (14 December 2005). "NPR: Mysteries of the Organization, Part I". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5053335. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
  29. ↑ Arnove, Anthony (2003-03-19). "Pro-war Propaganda Machine". ZNet. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3272. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  30. ↑ Jensen, Robert (2003-03-24). "On NPR, Please Follow the Script". Dissident Voice. http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles3/Jensen_NPR.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  31. ↑ David Mamet (2008-03-11). "> news > David Mamet: Why I Am No Longer a 'Brain-Dead Liberal' by David Mamet". village voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0811,374064,374064,1.html/full. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  32. ↑ "The Ombudsman at National Public Radio". Npr.org. 2002-01-05. http://www.npr.org/yourturn/ombudsman/2002/020118.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  33. ↑ Bydlowska, Jowita (2008-02-12). "Journalism's last line of defense - The New York Times". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/02/12/ombudsman/. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "''Blaming the Messenger'', Mark Jurkowitz, Boston Globe, Feb. 9, 2003". Web.archive.org. http://web.archive.org/web/20030410110320/www.boston.com/globe/magazine/2003/0209/coverstory_entire.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  35. ↑ Camille T. Taiara. All bias considered: Bizarre attack on NPR as "anti-Israel" shows how fringe groups are pushing Mideast debate. San Francisco Bay Guardian. May 28, 2003. See also Jeffrey A. Dvorkin, "NPR's Middle East 'Problem,'", NPR: Archive of Ombudsman Columns February 22, 2002, accessed July 21, 2006. [In June 2006 Dvorkin left the position of NPR Ombudsman to become the executive director of the Committee of Concerned Journalists (CCJ), an organization founded by Bill Kovach as part of the Project for Excellence in Journalism (CEJ), effective July 1, 2006; see Dvorkin's last column as NPR Ombudsman, "Dear Listeners: Thanks and Farewell," and CEJ/CCJ press release, June 19, 2006.
  36. ↑ Steve Rendall & Daniel Butterworth, Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting, How Public is Public Radio?, June 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
  37. ↑ "Secrets, Lies and Democracy (Interviews with Noam Chomsky)". Books.zcommunications.org. http://books.zcommunications.org/chomsky/sld/sld-1-09.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
  38. ↑ Janssen, Mike (2003-10-20). "Pubcasting helps audience sort fact, fiction". Current.org. http://www.current.org/news/news0319study.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  39. ↑ "Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War". WorldPublicOpinion.org. 2003-10-02. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&id=&pnt=102&lb=brusc. Retrieved 2006-10-02. 
  40. ↑ "NPR apologizes for Codrescu's remark that 'crossed a line of tolerance'". Washington, D.C.: [[Current (newspaper)|]]. 1996-01-15. 
  41. ↑ "NPR replies to 40,000 complaints about Codrescu broadcast". http://www.current.org/people/peop601.html. 
  42. ↑ "A Brief History of NPR's Intolerance and Imbalance". Fox News Channel. 21 October 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/10/21/brief-history-nprs-intolerance-imbalance/. Retrieved 22 October 2010. 
  43. ↑ Rainey, James (21 October 2010). "On the Media: Juan Williams' firing is hard to justify". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-onthemedia-20101021,0,6731954.column. Retrieved 22 October 2010. 
  44. ↑ Holmes, Steven A. (2000-07-05). "Jesse Helms Dies at 86; Conservative Force in the Senate". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/us/politics/00helms.html?hp. 
  45. ↑ Seelye, Katharine Q (1995-07-05). "Helms Puts the Brakes to a Bill Financing AIDS Treatment". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DA1230F936A35754C0A963958260. 
  46. ↑ Stanglin, Doug (2010-10-21). "Update: NPR exec says Juan Williams crossed the line before". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/10/npr-news-dumps-analyst-juan-williams-over-comments-about-muslims-/1?csp=34news. Retrieved 2010-10-21. 
  47. ↑ Stelter, Brian (2010-10-20). "NPR Fires Analyst Over Comments on Muslims". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/business/media/21npr.html. Retrieved 2010-10-21. 
  48. ↑ Folkenflik, David (2010-10-21). "NPR Dismisses News Analyst Juan Williams". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130732174. Retrieved 2010-10-21. 
  49. ↑ "'Juan Williams, NPR, and Fox News'". NPR Ombudsman (blog). NPR. February 11, 2009. http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2009/02/juan_williams_npr_and_fox_news_1.html. Retrieved 2010-10-21. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Shepard, Alicia (2010-10-21). "NPR's Firing of Juan Williams Was Poorly Handled". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2010/10/21/130713285/npr-terminates-contract-with-juan-williams?ps=rs. Retrieved 2010-10-22. 
  51. ↑ Memmott, Mark (2010-10-20). "NPR CEO: Williams' Views Should Stay Between Himself And 'His Psychiatrist'". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/10/21/130728202/npr-ceo-williams-views-of-muslims-should-stay-between-himself-and-his-psychiatrist. Retrieved 2010-10-21. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Stelter, Brian (2010-10-23). "NPR Defends Firing Williams as Criticism Mounts". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/business/media/23williams.html?_r=2&ref=business. Retrieved 2010-10-23. 
  53. ↑ O'Reilly, Bill (2010-10-21). "A Disgraceful Decision by the National Public Radio Outfit". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/oreilly/transcript/disgraceful-decision-national-public-radio-outfit. Retrieved 2010-10-23. 

External links

Notes
  1. ↑ Sweet, Lynn (August 2, 2010). "In wake of Helen Thomas departure, Fox News moves to front row in W.H. briefing room". Chicago Sun-Times (Sun-Times Media Group). http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2010/08/in_wake_of_helen_thomas_depart.html. Retrieved August 2, 2010. 
Members of the World Radio Network

Austrian Radio International · Commonwealth Broadcasting Association1 · Deutsche Welle · Earth & Sky · Israel Radio International · KBS World Radio · National Public Radio · Pacifica Radio · Radio Australia · Radio Budapest · Radio Canada International · Radio France Internationale · Radio Guangdong · Radio Japan · Radio Netherlands Worldwide · Radio New Zealand International · Polish Radio External Service · Radio Prague · Radio Romania International · Radio Slovakia International · Radio Sweden · RTÉ · swissinfo · United Nations Radio · Vatican Radio · Voice of Russia · YLE Radio
1 The Commonwealth Broadcasting Association has dozens of members within it
National Public Radio
Productions
All Things Considered · Morning Edition · Science Friday · Talk of the Nation · Tell Me More · Planet Money · The Thistle & Shamrock · Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! · Weekend Edition
Distributions
America Abroad · Car Talk · The Diane Rehm Show · Fresh Air · From the Top · Latino USA · Mountain Stage · On Point · On the Media · Piano Jazz · Says You! · World Cafe
Current Personalities
Noah Adams · Margot Adler · Tom Ashbrook · Melissa Block · Dee Dee Bridgewater · Farai Chideya · Neal Conan · Ira Flatow · Corey Flintoff · Bob Garfield · Brooke Gladstone · Terry Gross · Liane Hansen · Maria Hinojosa · Steve Inskeep · Carl Kasell · Ketzel Levine · Ray Magliozzi · Tom Magliozzi · Michel Martin · Marian McPartland · Bob Mondello · Renée Montagne · Michele Norris · Sylvia Poggioli · Guy Raz · Diane Rehm · Fiona Ritchie · Ken Rudin · Peter Sagal · Andrea Seabrook · Ari Shapiro · Richard Sher · Robert Siegel · Scott Simon · Lakshmi Singh · Susan Stamberg · Alison Stewart · Nina Totenberg · Craig Windham
Former Personalities
Madeleine Brand · Alex Chadwick · Bob Edwards · Daniel Schorr · Juan Williams
Former productions
Bryant Park Project · Day to Day · Earplay · News & Notes · NPR Playhouse
See also
American Public Media · Public Radio International · Pacifica Radio · NPR local affiliates
National Public Radio stations in the United States
Satellite radio
Sirius (Ch. 134 and 135)
Terrestrial affiliates
by state
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See also List of National Public Radio stations
Website  npr.org

News/talk/sports brands: Air America •  •  •  • NPR •

Music brands:  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •

Religious brands:  •  •

Broadcast radio networks in the United States
English major networks

ABC News Radio · CBS · Citadel · ESPN · Fox News · Fox Sports · NPR · Premiere · Radio Disney · TRN · Triton (Dial Global · Waitt) · United Stations · Westwood One
Spanish major networks

ESPN Deportes · Univision
Regional/State networks

ARN · Biz Radio · CC Syndication · Colorado Public Radio · Indiana Public Radio · Iowa Public Radio · Jefferson Public Radio · Maine PBN · Michigan Radio · Michigan Talk · North Carolina News · Northeast Public Radio · Ohio News · Que Pasa · Sound of Life · South Dakota Public Radio Texas State · Tribune · Vermont Public Radio · Wisconsin Public Radio · Wyoming Public Radio
Specialty networks

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Religious networks

3ABN · Accent · AFR · BBN · CSN International · EMF (Air 1 · K-LOVE) · Family Life Network · Family Radio · Moody Radio · Radio Nueva Vida · Rejoice! Musical Soul Food · Relevant Radio · Salem · Sounds Of the Spirit · WAY-FM · Word FM · VCY · Your Network of Praise
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MLB: Atlanta Braves · Baltimore Orioles · Boston Red Sox · Chicago Cubs · Cincinnati Reds · Detroit Tigers · Florida Marlins · Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim · Los Angeles Dodgers · New York Yankees · Philadelphia Phillies · Pittsburgh Pirates · Seattle Mariners · Tampa Bay Rays · Texas Rangers
NFL: Buffalo Bills · Dallas Cowboys · Detroit Lions · Green Bay Packers · New England Patriots · New York Giants · Pittsburgh Steelers
NBA: Boston Celtics · Los Angeles Lakers
NHL: Boston Bruins · Buffalo Sabres · Pittsburgh Penguins
Minor/other: Pawtucket Red Sox · Providence Bruins
College sports: Boston College Eagles · Clemson Tigers · F.S.U. Seminoles · ISP Sports · Kentucky Wildcats · Maine Black Bears · New Hampshire Wildcats · North Carolina Tar Heels ·  · Pittsburgh Panthers · Rhode Island Rams · Southern Illinois Salukis · Syracuse Orange · Virginia Tech Hokies
Defunct networks

ABC · Radio AAHS · Air America · Enterprise · God's Country Radio Network · I.E. America · Jones · Liberty Broadcasting System · Michigan Radio Network · Mutual Broadcasting System · NBC Red · NBC Blue · NBG · NBN · Nova M · NRN · Pulse 87 · Progressive Broadcasting System · RKO · Satellite Music Network · Sports Fan · Transtar · UPI · Washington News Desk · Westinghouse
Sirius Satellite Radio news, sports, talk and information channels
By number

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By name

Bloomberg Radio • BBC World Service • Blue Collar Comedy • The Catholic Channel • CBC Radio One • CNBC • CNN • CNN en Español • CNN Headline News • Cosmo Radio • Doctor Radio • ESPN All Access • ESPN Deportes Radio • ESPN Radio • EWTN Global Catholic Network • FamilyNet Radio • The Foxxhole • Fox News Channel • Fox News Talk • Howard 100 • Howard 101 • Kids Place Live • Laugh USA • Mad Dog Radio • Martha Stewart Living Radio • NPR Now • NPR Talk • P.O.T.U.S • Playboy Radio • Première Plus • Radio Classics • Radio Disney • Radio Korea • Raw Dog Comedy • RCI+ • Road Dog Trucking • The Score • SIRIUS Left • Sirius NASCAR Radio • Sirius NFL Radio • SIRIUS OutQ • SIRIUS Patriot • Sirius XM Sports Nation • Sirius XM Book Radio • Sirius XM Stars • Sirius XM Stars Too • Sirius XM Weather & Emergency • Specials • Sporting News Radio • Sports Express • Sports extra • The Weather Network • World Radio Network
Best of XM
Premium package

Oprah & Friends • XM Public Radio • the ViRUS • NHL Home Ice • PGA Tour Network
Sports play-by-play
Traffic & Weather
See also: List of Sirius Satellite Radio stations