Olsztyn

Olsztyn
Old Town
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Olsztyn - Miasto Młode Duchem… (Olsztyn– city of a young spirit…)
Olsztyn
Coordinates:
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Warmian-Masurian
County	city county
Established	14th century
Town rights	1353
Government
- Mayor	Piotr Grzymowicz
Area
- City	88.328 km2 (34.1 sq mi)
Highest elevation	154 m (505 ft)
Lowest elevation	88 m (289 ft)
Population (2009)
- City	176,387
- Density	1,997/km2 (5,172.1/sq mi)
- Metro	270,000
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	10-001 to 11-041
Area code(s)	+48 89
Car plates	NO
Website	http://www.um.olsztyn.pl

Ordensburg castle built by the Teutonic Knights

Olsztyn [ˈɔlʂtɨn] ( listen) (German: Allenstein ( listen); Old Polish: Holstin; Old Prussian: Alnāsteini; Lithuanian: Olštynas) is a city in northeastern Poland, on the Łyna River. Olsztyn has been the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. It was previously in the Olsztyn Voivodeship (and in other units in 1945–75 and 1975–98). The city has county status.

History

In 1346 the old Prussian Warmian forest in the vicinity was cleared and a place was selected on the Alle now Łyna River for a new settlement. It became known to Polish settlers as Olsztyn. The Teutonic Knights began construction of Ordensburg castle in 1347 to protect against the Old Prussians, and the settlement of Allenstein was first mentioned the following year. The German name Allenstein meant a castle on the Alle River. The settlement received municipal rights from Johannes von Leysen on 31 October 1353, and the castle was completed in 1397. Allenstein was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War in 1410 and in 1414 during the Hunger War, but was returned to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after hostilities ended.

Allenstein joined the Prussian Confederation in 1440. It rebelled against the Teutonic Knights in 1454 upon the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War and requested protection from the Polish Crown. Although the Teutonic Knights captured the town in the next year, it was retaken by Polish troops in 1463. The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) allocated Allenstein and the Bishopric of Warmia as part of Royal Prussia under the sovereignty of the Crown of Poland. From 1516–21, Nicolaus Copernicus lived at the castle as administrator of Allenstein and Mehlsack (Pieniężno); he was in charge of the defenses of Allenstein and Warmia during the Polish-Teutonic War of 1519-21.

Allenstein was sacked by Swedish troops in 1655 and 1708 during the Polish-Swedish wars, and the town was nearly wiped out in 1710 by epidemics of bubonic plague and cholera.

Allenstein was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland. A Prussian census recorded a population of 1,770 people, predominantly farmers, in Allenstein, which was administered within the Province of East Prussia. It was visited by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 after his victories over the Prussian Army at Jena and Auerstedt. The German language Allensteiner Zeitung newspaper was first published in 1841. The town hospital was founded in 1867.

Allenstein's Kopernikusplatz (now Plac Bema) in 1917

Allenstein became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany. Two years later the city was connected by railway to Thorn (Toruń). Its first Polish language newspaper, the Gazeta Olsztyńska, was founded in 1886. Allenstein's infrastructure developed rapidly: gas was installed in 1890, telephones in 1892, public water supply in 1898, and electricity in 1907. The city became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Allenstein, a government administrative region in East Prussia, in 1905. From 1818–1910 the city was administered within the East Prussia Allenstein District, after which it became an independent city.

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, troops of the Russian Empire captured Allenstein in 1914, but it was recovered by the Imperial German Army in the Battle of Tannenberg. In 1920 during the East Prussian plebiscite, Allenstein voted to remain in German East Prussia instead of becoming part of the Second Polish Republic. The football club SV Hindenburg Allenstein played in Allenstein from 1921–45. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Poles and Jews in Allenstein were increasingly persecuted. In 1935 the Wehrmacht made the city the seat of the Allenstein Militärische Bereich. It was the home of the 11th Infanterie Division, the 11th Artillery Regiment, and the 217th Infanterie Division.

5-Pfennig stamp

In 1920 a plebiscite was held to determine whether the city's populace wished to remain in East Prussia or became part of Poland. In order to advertise the plebiscite, special postage stamps were produced by overprinting German stamps and sold from 3 April. One kind of overprint read PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN, while the other read TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95 inside an oval whose border gave the full name of the plebiscite commission. Each overprint was applied to 14 denominations ranging from 5 Pf to 3 M.

The plebiscite was held on 11 July, and produced 362,209 votes (97.8 %) for East Prussia and 7,980 votes (2.2 %) for Poland. The stamps became invalid on 20 August. Despite the short period of use, almost all of the stamps are cheaply available both used and unused.

On 12 October 1939, after the invasion of Poland that began World War II, the Wehrmacht established an Area Headquarters for Wehrkreis I that controlled the sub-areas of Allenstein, Lötzen (Giżycko) and Zichenau (Ciechanów). Beginning in 1939, members of the Polish-speaking minority, especially members of the Union of Poles in Germany, were deported to Nazi concentration camps.

Allenstein was plundered and burnt by the invading Soviet Red Army on 22 January 1945, as the Eastern Front reached the city. Allenstein's German population evacuated the region or were subsequently expelled. On 2 August 1945, the city was placed under Polish administration by the Soviets (according to the Potsdam Agreement) and officially renamed to Polish Olsztyn. In October 1945 the German population of Allenstein was expelled by Order of City Commanders Olsztyn to assemble October 18 at Karl Roensch Street barracks camp for voluntary transfer to Germany and in case of none-compliance all Germans will be put in punishment camp.

A tyre factory was founded in Olsztyn in 1967.

Geography

Located in the north-east part of Poland in the "Thousands Lakes Area"

Green belt

More than half of the forests occupying 21.2 % of the city area form a single complex of the Municipal Forest (1050 ha) used mainly for recreation and tourism purposes. Within the Municipal Forest area are situated two peat-land flora sanctuaries, Mszar and Redykajny. Municipal greenery (560 ha, 6.5 % of the town area) developed in the form of numerous parks, green spots and three cemeteries over a century-old. The greenery includes 910 monuments of nature and groups of protected trees in the form of beech, oak, maple and lime-lined avenues

Olsztyn's Municipal Forest

The Municipal Forest around Olsztyn is ideal for a Sunday leisure walk. With many kilometres of trails running through the large forest complex, walking is a very relaxing experience. The lavish vegetation combined with very tall pine trees and the Lyna River creates an atmosphere of calmness that helps to bring an inner peace to one’s soul. When walking along the banks of the Lyna, it is common to spot white swans feeding with its young ones. If walking in the summer it’s possible to dip in one of the many lakes that the Olsztyn forest has within itself. The lakes are renowned for being crystal clean and ideal for sailing. It is possible to walk into the forest on one side of the city and walk out right into the center of Olsztyn to a magnificent view of the ancient castle of the Teutonic Knights. Within the forest there are many picnic stations with wooden shelters and fire pits for a family or group gatherings.

Lakes

The city is situated in a lake region of forests and plains. There are 15 lakes inside the administrative bounds of the city (13 with areas greater than 1 ha). The overall area of lakes in Olsztyn is about 725 ha, which constitutes 8.25 % of the total city area.

Demographics

The Upper Gate (High Gate) in the Old Town

Administrative division

Fish Market

City hall

Olsztyn is divided into 23 districts:

There are many smaller districts: Jakubowo, Karolin, Kolonia Jaroty, Kortowo II, Łupstych, Niedźwiedź, Piękna Góra, Podlesie, Pozorty, Skarbówka Poszmanówka, Słoneczny Stok, Stare Kieźliny, Stare Miasto, Stare Zalbki, Stary Dwór, Track. These do not have council representative assemblies.

Culture

Theatres

• Stefan Jaracz Theatre (est. 1925)
• Puppet Theatre

Cinemas

• Helios
• Awangarda

Museums

Olsztyn's largest museum is the Museum of Warmia and Mazury. The city also has the Gazeta Olsztyńska House, Museum of Nature, and Museum of Sports.

Architecture

St. Jacobs' Cathedral

• The Old Town
• The Gothic castle of the Bishopric of Warmia built during the 14th century.
• St. James' Cathedral.
• Old Town Hall on the Market Square - built in mid-14th century.
• Gazeta Olsztyńska House at Fish Market.
• The town walls and the Upper Gate (since the mid-19th century known as the High Gate).
• Neogothic church of the Holy Heart of Jesus, built during the years 1901–02
• The New City Hall
• The Railway Bridge over the River Łyna gorge near Artyleryjska and Wyzwolenia streets, built during the years 1872–73
• The Jerusalem Chapel, built in 1565
• Church of St. Lawrence, built during the late 14th century
• FM- and TV-mast Olsztyn-Pieczewo - 360 metres high, since the collapse of the Warsaw radio mast the tallest structure in Poland

The history of the Castle in Olsztyn:

The castle was built between 1346-1353 and by then it had one wing on the north-east side of the rectangular courtyard. Access to the castle, lead from the drawbridge of the river Lyna, surrounded by a belt of defensive walls and a moat. The south-west wing of the castle was built in the 15th century, tower situated in the west corner of the courtyard , from the middle of 14th century, was rebuilt in the early 16th century and had a round shape on a square base and was 40 meters high. At the same time the castle walls were raised to a height of 12 meters and a second belt of the lower walls was built. The castle walls were partly combined with city walls, which made a castle looks like it had been a powerful bastion defending the access to the city. The castle was owned by Warmia Chapter, which until 1454 together with the bishop of Warmia, was under military protection of the Teutonic Knights. The castle played a huge role in the Polish-Teutonic wars by then. After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , the Poles took it after a few days siege. In the Thirteen Years War (1454-1466) it was jumping from hands to hands. The Knights threatened the castle and the town even in 1521, but the defense was very effective. They confined of the one, failed assault. Not many people know that with the history of the castle and the city of Olsztyn is connected with Nicholas Copernicus. He prepared defense of Olsztyn against the invasion of Teutonic. In the sixteenth century, there were two bishops of Warmia that has stayed there: Jan Dantyszek - "the first sarmatian poet, endowed with imperial laurel wreath for" Latin Songs "(1538, 1541) and Marcin Kromer, who formed with equal ease in Latin and Polish scientific and literary works (1580). Kromer consecrated the chapel of St. Anna, which was built in the south-west wing of the castle. In the course of time both wings of the castle lost military importance, which for residential purposes has become very convenient. In 1779 Ignacy Krasicki stopped here as well. After the annexation of Warmia in 1772, the castle became the property of the state board of estates. In 1845 the bridge over the moat was replaced by a dam connecting the castle with the city even better than before, therefore was dried. In 1901-1911 the general renovation of the castle was performed, however, several sections of the building were violated at the same time which they changed the original look of the castle e.g. putting on window frames in a cloister. The tower that was crowned in 1921 and again in 1926 in the halls of the castle, became a museum. The whole castle is a museum until today. In 1945 it became a residence of the Masurian Museum, which today is called the Museum of Warmia and Mazury. In addition to all that and the exhibition activities in Olsztyn, there are also popular events held within the frameworks of the Olsztyn Artistic Summer and so called “evenings of the castle” and “Sundays in the Museum”.

Music

Death metal act Vader, regarded as one of the first Death metal bands from Poland.

Economy

The Stomil tyre company is a subsidiary of Michelin. There is also other industry, e.g. food processing plants and furniture manufacturers.

Unemployment

Olsztyn- 4,000 (people) - 4.8% rate

Education

University of Warmia and Mazury

• University of Warmia and Mazury [1]
• University of Computer Science and Economics
• Olsztyńska Szkoła Wyższa im. Józefa Rusieckiego
• Olsztyńska Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania im. Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego
• Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne HOSIANUM
• Masurian Institute (est. 1943)

Sport

• Mlekpol AZS Olsztyn - men's volleyball team playing in Polish Volleyball League (PLS, Polska Liga Siatkówki)
• OKS 1945 Olsztyn - men's football team, (8 seasons in Polish Ekstraklasa as Stomil Olsztyn)
• Warmia Traveland Olsztyn - men's handball team playing in Seria A (Polish First League)
• AZS UWM Trójeczka Olsztyn - men's basketball team playing in Polish Second League
• WMPD Olsztyn - men's rugby team, playing in First Polish League
• Budowlani Olsztyn Wrestling team

Politics

Members of the Sejm elected from Olsztyn constituency in 2005

• Mieczysław Aszkiełowicz, Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)
• Beata Bublewicz, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)
• Jerzy Gosiewski, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)
• Tadeusz Iwiński, Democratic Left Alliance (SLD, Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej)
• Edward Ośko, League of Polish Families (LPR, Liga Polskich Rodzin)
• Adam Puza, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)
• Sławomir Rybicki, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)
• Lidia Staroń, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)
• Aleksander Marek Szczygło, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)
• Zbigniew Włodkowski, Polish Peasant Party (PSL, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe)

Members of Senate elected from Olsztyn constituency in 2005

• Ryszard Józef Górecki, Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)
• Jerzy Szmit, Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)

Notable residents

Statue of Nicolaus Copernicus in front of the castle

• Johannes von Leysen (1310–1388), town founder
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), astronomer, administrator, and town commander
• Johannes Knolleisen, (+1511) academic and provider of academic stipends
• Lucas David (1503–1583), historian
• Karl Roensch (1858–1921), Industrialist, city governmental official
• Hugo Haase (1863–1919), politician
• Franz Justus Rarkowski (1873–1950), military bishop (1938–45)
• August Trunz (1875–1963), founder of the Prussica-Sammlung Trunz
• Hubert Hönnekes (1880–1947), teacher at Kopernikus-Schule, member of Ostpreußischen Provinziallandtages, member of Deutschen Reichstages 1930-1933
• Erich Mendelsohn (1887–1953), architect
• Olga Desmond (1891–1964), dancer and actress
• Kurd von Bülow (1899–1971), geologist
• Klaus-Joachim Zülch (1910–1988), neuro scientist
• Günter Wand (1912–2002) conductor
• Georg Hermanowski (1918–1993), author, translator
• Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski (1922–2005), politician
• Curt Lowens (* 1925), actor
• Leonhard Pohl (* 1929), gymnast
• Maximilian Kaller from 1930–1947 Bishop of Ermland
• Wolfgang Milde (* 1934),Library director, handwriting specialist
• Wolf Lepenies (born 1941) sociologist, political scientist and author
• Georg Schimanski, camera man
• Kurt Baluses soccer player and trainer of VFB Stuttgart

• Marian Bublewicz (August 25, 1950 - 20 February 1993), Polish rally and racing driver of the 80s and 90s
• Juliusz Machulski (born 1955), director
• Izabela Trojanowska (born 1955), actress and singer
• Krzysztof Hołowczyc (born 1962), rally driver
• Artur Wojdat (born 1968), swimmer
• Józef Glemp (* 1929), from 1979-1981 Bishop of Warmia, seat at Olsztyn
• Wojciech Grzyb (born 1981), volleyball player
• Tomasz Zahorski soccer player
• Piotr "Peter" Wiwczarek (born 1965), guitarist and vocalist, frontman for the death metal band Vader.

International relations

Planetarium of Olsztyn

Twin towns — Sister cities

Olsztyn is twinned with:

Olsztyn belongs to the Federation of Copernicus Cities, an association of cities where Copernicus lived and worked, such as Bologna, Frombork, Kraków, and Toruń. The main office of the federation is situated at Olsztyn Planetarium and Astronomical Observatory, located on St. Andrew's Hill (143 m) in a former water tower erected in 1897.

References

• [2] (polish)
• [3] (polish)

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