Stork

Storks
Immature Asian Openbill Stork
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Subclass:	Neornithes
Infraclass:	Neognathae
Superorder:	Neoaves
Order:	Ciconiiformes
Family:	Ciconiidae Gray, 1840
Genera
Anastomus Ciconia Ephippiorhynchus Jabiru Leptoptilos Mycteria

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills, belonging to the family Ciconiidae. They are the only family in the biological order Ciconiiformes, which was once much larger and held a number of families.

They occur in many regions of the world and tend to live in drier habitats than the related herons, spoonbills, and ibises; they also lack the powder down that those groups use to clean off fish slime. Storks have no syrinx and are mute, giving no bird call; bill-clattering is an important mode of stork communication at the nest. Many species are migratory. Most storks eat frogs, fish, insects, earthworms, and small birds or mammals. There are 19 living species of storks in six genera.

Storks tend to use soaring, gliding flight, which conserves energy. Soaring requires thermal air currents. Ottomar Anschütz's famous 1884 album of photographs of storks inspired the design of Otto Lilienthal's experimental Gliders of the late 19th century. Storks are heavy, with wide wingspans: the Marabou Stork, with a wingspan of 3.2 m (10.5 ft), joins the Andean Condor in having the widest wingspan of all living land birds.

Their nests are often very large and may be used for many years. Some have been known to grow to over 2 m (6 ft) in diameter and about 3 m (10 ft) in depth. Storks were once thought to be monogamous, but this is only partially true. They may change mates after migrations, and may migrate without a mate. They tend to be attached to nests as much as partners.

Storks' size, serial monogamy, and faithfulness to an established nesting site contribute to their prominence in mythology and culture.

Etymology

The modern English word can be traced back to Proto-Germanic *sturkaz. Nearly every Germanic language has a descendant of this proto-language word to indicate the (White) stork. Related names also occur in some Eastern European, languages, originating as Germanic loanwords.

According to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, the Germanic root is probably related to the modern English "stark", in reference to the stiff or rigid posture of a European species, the White Stork. A non-Germanic word linked to it may be Greek torgos ("vulture").

In some West Germanic languages cognate words of a different etymology exist. They originate from *uda-faro, uda being related to water meaning something like swamp or moist area and faro being related to fare, so *uda-faro being he who walks in the swamp. In later times this name got reanalyzed as *ōdaboro, ōda "fortune, wealth" + boro "bearer" meaning he who brings wealth adding to the myth of storks as maintainers of welfare and bringing the children:

In Estonian, "stork" is toonekurg, which is derived from toonela (underworld in Estonian folklore) + kurg (crane). It may seem not to make sense to associate the now-common White Stork with death, but at the times they were named, the now-rare Black Stork was probably the more common species.

Systematics

Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala

Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus

Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus

Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus with Black-headed Ibis

A White Stork on a flying buttress in Ávila, Spain.

A White Stork in flight

Following the development of research techniques in molecular biology in the late 20th century, in particular methods for studying DNA-DNA hybridization, a great deal of new information has surfaced, much of it suggesting that many birds, although looking very different from one another, are in fact more closely related than was previously thought. Accordingly, the radical and influential Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy greatly enlarged the Ciconiiformes, adding many more families, including most of those usually regarded as belonging to the Sphenisciformes (penguins), Gaviiformes (divers), Podicipediformes (grebes), Procellariiformes (tubenosed seabirds), Charadriiformes, (waders, gulls, terns, and auks), Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants, gannets, and allies), and the Falconiformes (diurnal birds of prey). The flamingo family, Phoenicopteridae, is related, and is sometimes classed as part of the Ciconiiformes.

However, morphological evidence suggests that the traditional Ciconiiformes should be split between two lineages, rather than expanded, although some non-traditional Ciconiiformes may be included in these two lineages.

The exact taxonomic placement of New World Vultures remains unclear.^[1] Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, the New World and Old World Vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world and are not closely related. Just how different the two families are is currently under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures belong in Ciconiiformes.^[2] More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World Vultures^[3] or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes.^[4] The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World Vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.^[1]

Some official bodies have adopted the proposed Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy almost entirely; however, a more common approach worldwide has been to retain the traditional groupings, and modify rather than replace them in the light of new evidence as it comes to hand. The family listing here follows this more conservative practice. Bird taxonomy has been in a state of flux for some years, and it is reasonable to expect that the large differences between different classification schemes will continue to gradually resolve themselves as more evidence becomes available.

Recently a DNA study found that the families Ardeidae, Balaenicipitidae, Scopidae, and the Threskiornithidae belong to the Pelecaniformes. This would make Ciconiidae the only group.

Distinct and possibly widespread by the Oligocene, like most families of aquatic birds storks seem to have arisen in the Paleogene, maybe 40-50 million years ago (mya). For the fossil record of living genera, documented since the Middle Miocene (about 15 mya) at least in some cases, see the genus articles.

Though some storks are highly threatened, no species or subspecies are known to have gone extinct in historic times. A Ciconia bone found in a rock shelter on Réunion island was probably of a bird taken there as food by early settlers; no known account mentions the presence of storks on the Mascarene Islands.

Living storks

• Genus Mycteria
  • Milky Stork, Mycteria cinerea
  • Yellow-billed Stork, Mycteria ibis
  • Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala
  • Wood Stork, Mycteria americana
• Genus Anastomus
  • Asian Openbill Stork, Anastomus oscitans
  • African Openbill Stork, Anastomus lamelligerus
• Genus Ciconia
  • Abdim's Stork, Ciconia abdimii
  • Woolly-necked Stork, Ciconia episcopus
  • Storm's Stork, Ciconia stormi
  • Maguari Stork, Ciconia maguari
  • Oriental Stork, Ciconia boyciana (formerly in C. ciconia)
  • White Stork, Ciconia ciconia
  • Black Stork, Ciconia nigra
• Genus Ephippiorhynchus
  • Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
  • Saddle-billed Stork, Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis
• Genus Jabiru
  • Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria
• Genus Leptoptilos
  • Lesser Adjutant, Leptoptilos javanicus
  • Greater Adjutant, Leptoptilos dubius
  • Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus

Fossil storks

• Genus Palaeoephippiorhynchus (fossil: Early Oligocene of Fayyum, Egypt)
• Genus Grallavis (fossil: Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France, and Djebel Zelten, Libya) - may be same as Prociconia
• Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Ituzaingó Late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina)^[5]
• Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Punta Buenos Aires, Argentina)^[6]
• Genus Prociconia (fossil: Late Pleistocene of Brazil) - may belong to modern genus Jabiru or Ciconia
• Genus Pelargosteon (fossil: Early Pleistocene of Romania)
• Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. - formerly Aquilavus/Cygnus bilinicus (fossil: Early Miocene of Břešťany, Czechia)
• cf. Leptoptilos gen. et sp. indet. - formerly L. siwalicensis (fossil: Late Miocene? - Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India)^[7]
• Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (fossil: Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)^[8]

The fossil genera Eociconia (middle Eocene of China) and Ciconiopsis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) are often tentatively placed with this family. A "ciconiiform" fossil fragment from the Touro Passo Formation found at Arroio Touro Passo (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) might be of the living Wood Stork M. americana; it is at most of Late Pleistocene age, a few 10.000s of years.^[9]

Symbolism of storks

Childbirth

The image of a stork bearing an infant wrapped in a sling held in its beak is common in popular culture. The small pink or reddish patches often found on a newborn child's eyelids, between the eyes, on the upper lip, and on the nape of the neck are sometimes still called "stork bites". In fact they are clusters of developing veins that often soon fade.

Woman defending herself against child-bearing stork. Postcard, c.1900.

Baby-bearing stork in Buster Brown cartoon

In popular culture

In Walt Disney's 4th classic Dumbo, the stork (more specifically "Mr. Stork") delivers babies to their animal mothers. At the beginning of the film, he delivers Jumbo Jr. (later known as Dumbo) to Mrs. Jumbo. He is voiced by Sterling Holloway. Several Warner Bros. cartoons — including Stork Naked and Apes of Wrath — cast a stork as a perpetually drunken employee of a baby-delivery service (drunk because of the celebratory toasts in which the recipient families often include the stork). In Tennessee Tuxedo, he is voiced by Jim Cummings.^[10]

"Storch" ("stork" in German) was the common nichname of the Fieseler Fi 156, a small German liaison aircraft with a long legged landing gear, used by the German armed forces before and during World War II, and continued in civilan use in various countries after the war.

Coat of arms of the The Hague.

"Storch" is also a German family name, and "Stork", written the same as in English - a Dutch one. The name of the major Dutch company Stork B.V. is derived from that of its founder.

Regional symbolism

The White Stork is the symbol of The Hague in the Netherlands, as well as of Poland, where the majority of the European storks remainder breed. It is also a symbol of the region of Alsace in eastern France. It is also the national bird of Germany, Lithuania and Belarus.

Mythology of storks

King Stork devouring one of his frog subjects, an illustration by Milo Winter in a 1919 Aesop anthology

• An ancient etymology about the Pelasgians, ancient pre-Hellenic inhabitants of Greece, links pelasgos to pelargos "stork", and postulates that the Pelasgians were migrants like storks, possibly from Egypt, where they nest.^[11] Aristophanes deals effectively with this etymology in his comedy the Birds. One of the laws of "the storks" in the satirical cloud-cuckoo-land (punning on the Athenian belief that they were originally Pelasgians) is that grown-up storks must support their parents by migrating elsewhere and conducting warfare.^[12]

• In Aesop's tale "The Frogs Who Desired a King" the frogs ask Zeus for a king, and he first sends them the ineffective King Log and then the awesome King Stork who devours his frog subjects. In this context, viewed from the point of view of a frog who may get eaten by a stork, the stork is the symbol of tyrannical power.

Footnotes

References

External links

• Scott MacDonald, "The Stork" emblematic uses
• Storks Image documentation
• Stork videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Sister project links

• Media related to Ciconiidae at Wikimedia Commons
• The Wiktionary definition of stork
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "stork". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.