Zooropa

Zooropa
Studio album by U2
Released 5 July 1993 (1993-07-05)
Recorded

February – May 1993 in Dublin, Ireland

  • The Factory
  • Windmill Lane Studios
  • Westland Studios
Genre Rock, alternative rock
Length 51:15
Label Island (314-518 047-2)
Producer Flood, Brian Eno, The Edge
U2 chronology
Achtung Baby
(1991)		 Zooropa
(1993)		 Pop
(1997)
Singles from Zooropa
  1. "Numb"
    Released: June 1993
  2. "Lemon"
    Released: September 1993
  3. "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)"
    Released: 22 November 1993

Zooropa (pronounced /zuːˈroʊpə/, zoo-ROH-pə)[a] is the eighth studio album by the Irish rock band U2. Produced by Flood, Brian Eno, and The Edge, it was released on 5 July 1993 on Island Records. Inspired by the band's experiences on the Zoo TV Tour, Zooropa expanded on many of the tour's themes of technology and media oversaturation. The record continued the group's experimentation with alternative rock, electronic dance music, and electronic sound effects that began with their previous album, Achtung Baby, in 1991.

U2 decided to spend a six-month break between legs of the Zoo TV Tour writing and recording new material. The record was originally intended as an EP to promote the "Zooropa" leg of the tour that was to begin in May 1993, but during the sessions, the group decided to extend the record to a full-length LP.[1] Pressed for time, U2 wrote and recorded at a rapid pace, with songs originating from many sources. The album was not completed in time for the tour's resumption, forcing the band to travel between Dublin and their tour destinations in May to complete mixing and recording.

Zooropa, much like U2's previous album Achtung Baby, was critically and commercially successful, peaking at number one in several countries, despite none of its three singles—"Numb", "Lemon", and "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)"—being clear hits. In 1994, Zooropa won a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album.

Contents

Background

U2 regained critical favour with their commercially successful 1991 album, Achtung Baby, and the supporting Zoo TV Tour in 1992. The record was a musical reinvention for the group, incorporating influences from alternative rock, industrial, and electronic dance music into their sound. The tour was an elaborately-staged multimedia event that satirised television and the viewing public's over-stimulation by attempting to instill "sensory overload" in its audience.[2][3] The band finished 1992 with one of their most successful years, selling 10 million copies of Achtung Baby and 2.9 million concert tickets,[4] and grossing US$67 million in their 70-plus North American shows—easily the highest amount for any touring artist that year.[5]

The group concluded the American "Outside Broadcast" leg of the tour on 25 November 1992,[6] and they were left with a six-month break before the tour resumed with the "Zooropa" leg in Europe in May 1993.[7] Rather than use the time to rest, lead vocalist Bono and guitarist The Edge were keen to record new material. Following a hectic year of touring, the two did not want to downshift their emotional state and settle back into domestic life. Bono said, "We thought we could live a normal life and then go back on the road [in May 1993]. But it turns out that your whole way of thinking, your whole body has been geared toward the madness of Zoo TV... So we decided to put the madness on a record. Everybody's head was spinning, so we thought, why not keep that momentum going...?"[8] The Edge also wished to distract himself from the emotions he felt after separating from his wife during the Achtung Baby sessions in 1991. The other members ultimately agreed to join them for recording.[9]

Recording and production

After handling audio engineering for the recording of Achtung Baby, Robbie Adams was invited by U2 to manage sound mixing on the Zoo TV Tour. Adams also recorded the group's tour soundchecks. In January 1993, the band asked him to compile these recordings and create loops of interesting parts that they could play to in the studio. After Adams spent a few weeks assembling loops, in February, the group entered The Factory in Dublin to begin composing rough demos. Bono and The Edge were most involved during this initial demoing process, which lasted six weeks.[10] The group employed Brian Eno and his assisting partner Mark "Flood" Ellis—both of whom worked on Achtung Baby—to produce the sessions;[7] long-time Eno collaborator Daniel Lanois was busy promoting his solo album and was unavailable.[11] Similar to the Achtung Baby sessions, Eno worked two-week shifts. The group often gave him in-progress songs to adjust and add his own personality to.[12] Initially, the band did not have a clear plan for how they would proceed with releasing the sessions' material.[9] Bassist Adam Clayton said, "I don't know if what we're doing here is the next U2 album or a bunch of rough sketches that in two years will turn into the demos for the next U2 album."[9] The Edge was a proponent of making an EP of new material to promote the upcoming leg of the tour,[1] describing his mentality as thus: "We've got a bit of time off. We've got some ideas hanging around from the last record, let's do an EP, maybe four new songs to spice the next phase of the tour up a bit. It'll be a fan thing. It'll be cool."[7]

Soon after the sessions commenced, Bono pushed for the band to work towards a full-length LP.[7] The Edge was initially hesitant, but saw the opportunity as a challenge to quickly record an album before returning to tour and prove the band had not become spoiled by the luxury of having ample recording time.[7] Additionally, Bono and band manager Paul McGuinness had discussed the possibility of releasing a "one-two punch" of records since the beginning of the Achtung Baby sessions.[7] In early March, U2 reached a consensus that their new material should be used for a full LP.[13] Much like they had for the Achtung Baby sessions, the band split work between two studios at once; Adams operated a Soundtracs mixing console at The Factory, while Flood used an SSL console at the new Windmill Lane Studios.[10]

Due to the time limit, U2 were forced to write and record songs at a more rapid pace.[7] They continued their long-time practice of jamming in the studio. Eno and Flood edited together song sections they liked and then discussed the arrangements with the group. U2 suggested alterations and added lyrics and melodies, before returning to the studio and performing to the edited arrangements. Eno used an eraseable whiteboard to give instructions and cues to the band while they jammed; he pointed at chords and various commands, such as "hold", "stop", "change", and "change back", to direct their performances.[14] To record all of the band's material and test different arrangements, the engineers utilised a technique they called "fatting", which allowed them to achieve more than 48 tracks of audio by using a 24-track analogue recording, a DAT machine, and a synchroniser.[10] The production crew faced issues with audio spill at The Factory, as all group members recorded in the same room as the mixing desk and Bono frequently sang in-progress lyrics that were to be replaced. Flightcases and wood booths were built to separate the performers' sound as much as possible.[10]

"Some of the ideas we started out with on Achtung Baby started to come into focus on the tour as we played around with the new stage set, the TV screens, the whole concept of a TV station on the road. We found out what it could do and then we started playing around with the imagery and the ideas that were in the airstream, gleaned from the world of advertising, CNN, MTV and so on. It struck a chord in us and the music that came out on Zooropa was very influenced by the tour. Normally it's the other way around; you put an album together and then you go off on the road and you're drawing from the album for your inspiration."

—The Edge[15]

Songs originated and were inspired from a variety of sources. "Zooropa" was the result of combining two separate pieces of music together, one of which the band discovered a recording of from a tour soundcheck.[7] The verse melody to "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" and an instrumental backing track that became "Numb" were originally from the sessions to Achtung Baby.[7] "Babyface", "Dirty Day", "Lemon", and "The Wanderer" were written during the Zooropa sessions.[7][16] Country singer Johnny Cash recorded vocals for "The Wanderer" during a visit to Dublin, and although Bono recorded his own vocals for the song, he preferred Cash's version. The production crew and the band debated which version to include on the record.[17] Throughout the sessions, U2 were undecided on a unifying musical style for the release, and as a result, they maintained three potential track listings—one for the best songs, one for "vibes", and one for a soundtrack album. Bono suggested editing the best segments of songs together to create a montage.[18]

As May's "Zooropa" leg of the tour approached, U2 continued to record while simultaneously rehearsing for the tour. Their time limit prevented them from working on live arrangements for any of the new songs.[19] Despite the sessions' rapid pace, the album was not completed by the time they had to resume touring. Moreover, Flood and Eno had to begin work on other projects. The Edge remembers everyone was telling the group, "Well, it's an EP. You did good but there's a lot more work needed to finish some of these songs."[7] However, the band did not want to shelve the project, as they believed they were on a "creative roll" and that they would be in a completely different frame of mind if they revisited the material six months later.[10]

The group's solution was to continually fly back to Dublin after their May concerts to finish recording and mixing at night and during their off-days, before returning to their tour destinations.[7] Clayton called the process "about the craziest thing you could do to yourself", while drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. said of it, "It was mad, but it was mad good, as opposed to mad bad."[7] The group simultaneously used three separate rooms at Windmill Lane to mix, overdub, and edit. Adams said the hectic approach meant "there was never anybody sitting around waiting or doing nothing". Eschewing console automation, the engineers adopted a "live performance" attitude to mixing, based on past experiences with Lanois. The band and production crew sat it on the mixing and offered encouragement, creating, as Adams put it, "kind of cheerleader thing. It all induces a nervous energy in you and creates a lot of pressure, and gives the whole thing a performance feel."[10]

In the final weeks, the band decided to exclude the traditional rock songs and guitar-based tracks they had written in favour of an "album of disjointed, experimental pop". The Edge received a production credit—his first on a U2 record[20]—for the extra level of responsibility he assumed for the album.[21] Twenty songs were recorded during the sessions, but ultimately 10 were chosen.[22] One piece that was left off the record was "In Cold Blood",[23] which featured somber lyrics written by Bono in response to the Bosnian War and was previewed prior to the album's release.[24] Other tracks that were left off the album included "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me", "If God Will Send His Angels", "If You Wear That Velvet Dress", and "Wake Up Dead Man". The first was later released as a single from the Batman Forever soundtrack in 1995, and the latter three were included on the band's following studio album, Pop, in 1997.

Composition

Zooropa was very much an "alternative rock" album in the climate of 1993. In North America, grunge was at its peak - meanwhile, U2 released an album lacking angst and guitar solos. In Europe, Britpop was beginning to conquer the charts, yet Zooropa owed more to the experimentation of David Bowie and Brian Eno than to the melodic pop of The Beatles and The Kinks.

As the album's title suggests, Zooropa has a distinctly European musical aesthetic (in contrast to the distinctly American roots of their late eighties work), continuing the band's experimentation with electronica, techno, and other predominantly European forms of music. Heavy on samples and irony, it also ties the "sensory overload" themes of the Zoo TV Tour into the context of a post-Berlin Wall Europe.

The lyrics touch on how technology unites as well as separates us. The title track, "Zooropa", for instance, contains ad slogans such as "Better by design", "Be All That You Can Be" and "Vorsprung durch Technik". The song was the result of combining two pieces of music, the first of which was conceived in the studio, and the second of which was discovered by The Edge while listening to soundchecks the band had done while on tour.[25] The lyrics were written by Bono, describing two characters in a brightly-lit city in a futuristic version of European society.[26]

"Babyface" is about a man practicing his obsessive love for a celebrity by manipulating her image on a TV recording.[23]

On the industrial rock-influenced "Numb", The Edge provides lead vocals with a monotonous list of "don't" commands, overwhelmed by a noisy backdrop of samples of "arcade sounds" and "fat lady vocals" by Bono.[27] One of the samples is of a Hitler Youth boy banging a bass drum in the 1936 propaganda film Triumph of the Will.[23] The Edge notes that the inspiration for this song came from "that sense that you were getting bombarded with so much that you actually were finding yourself shutting down and unable to respond because there was so much imagery and information being thrown at you".[25]

"Lemon", sung by Bono in a falsetto, has been described as a "futuristic German disco". The Edge plays waves of almost unrecognisably-processed guitar, while Bono sings about man's futile attempts to preserve time through technology. The song was inspired by a video sent to Bono by family friends, which featured Bono's late mother in a lemon-coloured dress.[28]

"Daddy's Gonna Pay For Your Crashed Car" was originally conceived as a blues song, but ended up, as Bono describes, as "industrial blues".[23] The lyrics were written about a heroin addict.[29]

The closing track, "The Wanderer", features country music legend Johnny Cash on lead vocals. His haggard voice sings over a wobbly synthesiser line, a bizarre juxtaposition in line with the album's central irony: that the band's most synthesized and postmodern album would be a condemnation of technology.[1] The song's narrator wanders through a soul-less post-apocalyptic world "in search of experience", ultimately finding meaning in the spiritual rather than the superficial.

Packaging and title

The sleeve was designed by Works Associates of Dublin under the direction of Steve Averill,[27] who had created the majority of U2's album covers. The cover features a sketch of the circle of stars from the Flag of Europe with a "sad astronaut" drawing in the center.[30] The illustration, created by Shaughn McGrath,[27] was an alteration of the "graffiti babyface" by Charlie Whisker that was originally taken from the face of the Achtung Baby compact disc/vinyl record.[30][31] The cover's drawing was meant to represent the Soviet cosmonaut left floating in orbit for weeks after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[32] In the background is a 3-by-3 montage of blurred images—similar to the 4-by-4 arrangement of images on Achtung Baby's sleeve. The images include shots of a woman's face and mouth, as well as photographs of European leaders, including Vladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, and Nicolae Ceauşescu.[33] These images are obscured by distorted purple text, which comprises the names of unfinished songs from the album sessions, including "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me", "Wake Up Dead Man", and "If You Wear That Velvet Dress". Author Višnja Cogan described this text as giving the impression of a "torn veil".[33]

Zooropa was named for the "Zooropa" leg of the Zoo TV Tour, which began in May 1993 while the band completed the record. The name is a portmanteau of "zoo" (from Zoo TV Tour and "Zoo Station") and "Europa". One of the album's proposed titles was Squeaky.[23]

Release

Zooropa completed U2's contractual obligation to Island Records, and to PolyGram,[34] the multinational that purchased Island in 1989.[22] Although the group were free to sign a new contract elsewhere, their strong relationship with the label and its founder Chris Blackwell prompted the band to remain with Island/Polygram by signing a long term, six-album deal.[34] The Los Angeles Times estimated that the deal was worth US$60 million to U2.[35] At the time, the group were cognizant of several emerging technologies that potentially impacted the future delivery and transmission of music to the purchasing public. As author Bill Flanagan speculated, "Record stores could become obsolete as music is delivered over cable, telephone wires, or satellite transmissions directly into consumers' homes." With uncertainty over the future of these technologies and the implications of entertainment and telecommunications companies merging, the band negotiated with Island that the division of their earnings from future transmission systems would be flexible and decided upon at a relevant time. U2 toyed with the idea of releasing Zooropa as an interactive audio-video presentation in lieu of conventional physical formats, but the deadline imposed by the Zoo TV Tour prevented the band from realising this idea.[36]

U2's delivery of Zooropa in late May caught PolyGram somewhat off-guard,[37] as they were not expecting a new album by the group for several years.[25] With Achtung Baby, PolyGram had approximately six months to market the record and plan its release strategy, but the sudden delivery of Zooropa necessitated a more hurried promotional plan. PolyGram president/CEO Rick Dobbis explained: "For the last one, we prepared for six months. It was like a marathon. But this is like a sprint, and that is the spirit it was made in. The band was so excited about it, they sprinted to complete the album before the ... tour. We want to bring it to the street with that same spirit." Island/PolyGram's and U2's marketing for Zooropa was intended to focus less on singles and more on the record as a whole,[37] and ultimately, only three singles were released, compared to Achtung Baby's five singles. The first single "Numb" was released in June 1993 exclusively on VHS as a "video single".[38] It was directed by Kevin Godley.

Zooropa was released on 5 July 1993, during the Zooropa leg of the Zoo TV Tour.[25] An initial shipment of 1.6 million copies was available in stores at the time of release.[39] The album performed very well commercially, debuting at number one in the United States,[40] United Kingdom,[41] Canada,[42] Australia,[43] New Zealand,[44] France,[45] Germany,[46] Austria,[47] Sweden,[48] and Switzerland.[49] It also reached number one in the Netherlands,[50] Italy, Japan, Norway, Denmark, Ireland, and Iceland.[51] In the US, the album spent its first two weeks on the Billboard 200 at the top spot, staying in the top 10 for seven weeks. In total, it spent 40 weeks on chart.[52] In its first week on sale, Zooropa sold 377,000 copies in the US, the group's best debut in the country to that point.[53]

Three more singles were released from the album; "Lemon" received a limited release in North America, Australia, and Japan; "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" was released worldwide, and "Zooropa" was released as a promotional single in Mexico and the United States. By the end of 1993, Zooropa had sold 1.8 million copies in the US.[54]

Reception

 Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4/5 stars [55]
Entertainment Weekly (A)[29]
Robert Christgau (B–)[56]
Los Angeles Times 4/4 stars[57]
Q 4/5 stars[58]
Rolling Stone 4/5 stars[1]
Spin (green)[59]
Sputnikmusic 4/5 stars[60]
New Zealand Herald 3/5 stars[61]

Zooropa was well-received by critics. Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone wrote in his four-star review that the album was "a daring, imaginative coda to Achtung Baby" and that "it is varied and vigorously experimental, but its charged mood of giddy anarchy suffused with barely suppressed dread provides a compelling, unifying thread."[1] Spin wrote a positive review, commenting that the record "sounds mostly like a band shedding its skin, trying on different selves for size". The review said the album "has the feel of real collectivity", praising the cohesiveness of the individual band members' playing. The review concluded by saying the album "indicates U2 might be worthy of whatever absurd mutations the '90s throw our way".[59] Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the group for transforming themselves and becoming "raucous, playful and ready to kick its old habits". Pareles enjoyed the sonics and electronic effects that made the "sound of a straightforward four-man band ... hard to find" and commented that "The new songs seem destined not for stadiums ... but for late-night radio shows and private listenings through earphones.[62]

David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an "A", calling it "harried, spontaneous-sounding, and ultimately exhilarating album". Browne noted that the album sounds "messy" and "disconnected", but clarified "that sense of incoherence is the point, since many of the songs touch on some form of emotional fracturing in the techno-tronic age". He concluded, "For an album that wasn't meant to be an album, it's quite an album."[29] Robert Hilburn said that the record "captured the anxious, even paranoid tone of the Zoo TV Tour so that it seems almost a souvenir of the tour".[20] In a positive review, Jim Sullivan of The Boston Globe called the album a "creative stretch", noting that the band experiments more yet retains their recognizable sound. He commented that the "yearning anthemic reach" of previous records is absent, as is the "obvious, slinky pop charm" of "Mysterious Ways" from their last album, and it is instead replaced with "darker corners, more disruptive interjections, more moodiness".[39] The New Zealand Herald was more critical, noting that the album started as an EP and "just got longer but not necessarily better". The publication called it "more perplexing than challenging" and commented that it "sounds like the biggest band in the world having one of the biggest, strangest mid-life crises".[61]

It won a Grammy Award for "Best Alternative Music Album"; in his acceptance speech during the March 1994 ceremony, Bono sarcastically mocked the "alternative" characterisation. It has sold 7 million copies.

Zoo TV Tour

Main article: Zoo TV Tour

The band had begun the Zoo TV Tour in February 1992 in support of their previous album Achtung Baby. The tour was an elaborately-staged multimedia event, designed to instill a feeling of "sensory overload" in its audience.[63] The stage design featured vidi walls, 36 video monitors, numerous television cameras, 176 speakers, and 11 elaborately painted Trabant cars. Songs were complemented by a myriad of bewildering visual effects and intentionally ironic, self-mocking band performances.

The Zooropa album was released in July 1993, halfway through the fourth leg of the tour in Europe. Of the 157 shows the band played during the Zoo TV Tour, approximately 30 of them were after the release of Zooropa. Many of the album's songs found permanent places in the shows' setlists. "Lemon" and "Daddy's Gonna Pay for Your Crashed Car" were performed with Bono in his MacPhisto persona, during encores of the Zoomerang Leg of the tour. "Dirty Day" was also played on this leg after the acoustic set. "Numb" was performed with The Edge playing guitar and on lead vocals, with Larry Mullen Jr. performing backing vocals while drumming. "Zooropa" was played only three times and "Babyface" twice more[64] at the same shows on the Zooropa leg, but were cut out of the setlist after the band didn't feel they sounded right live. "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" was performed acoustically for the Zooropa and Zoomerang legs.

Track listing

All songs written and composed by U2, with lyrics by Bono (except where noted). 

No. Title Mixed by Length
1. "Zooropa"   Flood 6:31
2. "Babyface"   Flood 4:01
3. "Numb" (The Edge) Robbie Adams 4:20
4. "Lemon"   Flood 6:58
5. "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)"   Flood 4:58
6. "Daddy's Gonna Pay for Your Crashed Car"   Flood 5:20
7. "Some Days Are Better Than Others"   Robbie Adams 4:17
8. "The First Time"   Flood 3:45
9. "Dirty Day" (Bono and The Edge) Robbie Adams 5:24
10. "The Wanderer"   Flood, Adams 5:41
Total length:
 51:15

A "hidden track" after "The Wanderer" features a ringing alarm similar to that which disc jockeys hear when there is 10 seconds of dead air.

Charts and certifications

Album

Chart Peak position Certification
Australian ARIA Albums Chart 1[43] 3× Platinum[65]
Austrian Albums Chart 1[47] Gold[66]
Canadian RPM 100 1[42] 4× Platinum[67]
Dutch Mega Album Top 100 1[50] –
French SNEP Albums Chart 1[45] Platinum[68]
German Album Top 100 1[46] Gold[69]
New Zealand RIANZ Top 40 Albums Chart 1[44] 4× Platinum[70]
Swedish Topplistan Albums Top 60 1[48] Gold[71]
UK Albums Chart 1[41] Platinum[72]
US Billboard 200 1[40] 2× Platinum[73]

Songs

Year Song Peak
IRE
[74]		 AUS
[43]		 CAN
[75]		 NZ
[44]		 UK
[76]		 US Mod Rock
[77]		 US Hot 100
[77]
1993 "Numb" – 7 9 13 – 2 –
"Lemon" – 6 20 4 – 3 –
"Zooropa" – – – – – 13 –
"Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" 1 5 – 6 4 15 –
1994 – – 14 – – – 61
"–" denotes a release that did not chart.

Personnel

U2
Additional personnel

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Based on the pronunciations of "zoo"[78] and "Europa".[79]
Sources
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 DeCurtis, Anthony (1993-08-05). "Music Reviews: Zooropa". Rolling Stone (662). Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. http://www.webcitation.org/5riN9OzjS. Retrieved 2010-08-03. 
  2. ↑ Dalton, Stephen (2004-10-26). "Achtung Stations". Uncut. 
  3. ↑ Graham, Bill (1992-05-21). "Achtung Station!". Hot Press. 
  4. ↑ Flanagan (1996), p. 133
  5. ↑ Harrington, Richard (1993-01-06). "U2, Dead Top '92 Concert Sales". The Washington Post: p. C7. 
  6. ↑ "U2 ZOO TV 3rd leg: Outside Broadcast". U2Gigs. http://www.u2gigs.com/tour134.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 McCormick (2006), p. 247
  8. ↑ Scholz, Martin; Bizot, Jean-Francois; Zekri, Bernard (1993-08). "Even Bigger Than the Real Thing". Spin 9 (5). 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Flanagan (1996), p. 183
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Tingen, Paul (1994-03). "U2 & Robbie Adams". Sound on Sound. http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1994_articles/mar94/u2robbieadams.html. Retrieved 2010-01-08. 
  11. ↑ Graham, Bill (2004). U2: The Complete Guide to Their Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780711998865. http://books.google.com/books?id=wBmegw6vgMgC&pg=PA46&dq=zooropa&lr=&ei=_dT6Su2MIKLwNPi20PcOe. 
  12. ↑ Deevoy, Adrian (1993-09). "I Had Too Much To Dream Last Night". Q (84). 
  13. ↑ McGee (2008), p. 159
  14. ↑ Flanagan (1996), pp. 183–190
  15. ↑ Fielder, Hugh (1993-10). "New 'Zooropa' Revue". Pulse!. 
  16. ↑ McCormick (2006), p. 249
  17. ↑ Flanagan (1996), pp. 223–224
  18. ↑ Flanagan (1996), p. 195
  19. ↑ Flanagan (1996), pp. 227–228
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hilburn, Robert (1993-09-12). "It's A Global Thing With U2". Los Angeles Times. 
  21. ↑ Flanagan (1996), p. 230
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Verna, Paul; Duffy, Thom (1993-06-12). "U2 Re-Inks With Island; 9th Album To Bow July 6". Billboard. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Jackson, Joe (19 May 1993). "The Magical Mystery Tour". Hot Press. Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:IZwkr_O1mnUJ:www.hotpress.com/archive/2613077.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  24. ↑ Flanagan (1996), pp. 201–203
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 McCormick (2006), p. 248
  26. ↑ Stokes (2005), p. 111
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 (1993) Release notes for Zooropa by U2. Island Records (314-518 047-2).
  28. ↑ "U2 MoL - Zooropa - Lemon". http://hem.bredband.net/steverud/U2MoL/Zooropa/lemon.html. Retrieved 2006-12-20. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Browne, David (1993-07-09). "Music Review: Zooropa". Entertainment Weekly (178). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,307144,00.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 de la Parra (2003), pp. 160–161
  31. ↑ "Images for U2 - Achtung Baby". Discogs. http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=382011. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  32. ↑ Flanagan (1996), p. 265
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Cogan (2008), p. 191
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Flanagan (1996), pp. 232–233, 239
  35. ↑ Philips, Chuck (1993-06-04). "U2 Record Deal Rocks Industry". Los Angeles Times. 
  36. ↑ Flanagan (1996), pp. 235–237
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Rosen, Craig (1993-06-19). "PLG Flies Into Action With U2 Promo Plan". Billboard. 
  38. ↑ "Numb Video Single". U2.com. Live Nation. http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/albumId/4061/tagName/singles. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Sullivan, Jim (1993-07-04). "U2 again braves new worlds". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/music/packages/U2Fleetcenter/album_review_zooropa/. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Billboard 200 – Week of July 24, 1993". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/album/u2/zooropa/143786#/charts/billboard-200?chartDate=1993-07-24. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "TOP 40 OFFICIAL UK ALBUMS ARCHIVE – 17th July 1993". The Official UK Charts Company. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/3/1993-07-17/. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "RPM100 Albums (CD's and Cassettes)". RPM 58 (2). 1993-07-24. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2185&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=s8avl4qqqlcn0uk7dtnn8aj1u5. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "U2 – Zooropa". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=U2&titel=Zooropa&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-08-03. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "U2 – Zooropa". charts.org.nz. Hung Medien. http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=U2&titel=Zooropa&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Tous les "Chart Runs" des Albums classés despuis 1985" (in French). InfoDisc. http://www.infodisc.fr/Albums_ChartRun.php. Retrieved 2010-05-20.  Note: U2 must be searched manually
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Top 100 Longplay - 19.07.1993". charts.de. Media Control Charts. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. http://www.webcitation.org/5rhpiRnq9. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "U2 – Zooropa". austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=U2&titel=Zooropa&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "U2 – Zooropa". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=U2&titel=Zooropa&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  49. ↑ "U2 – Zooropa". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=U2&titel=Zooropa&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "U2 – Zooropa". dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien. http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=U2&titel=Zooropa&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  51. ↑ "Zooropa". U2.com. Live Nation. http://www.u2.com/discography/index/album/albumId/4010/tagName/albums. Retrieved 2010-08-12. 
  52. ↑ "Zooropa – U2". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/album/u2/zooropa/143786#/album/u2/zooropa/143786. Retrieved 2010-08-12. 
  53. ↑ Martens, Todd (2009-03-11). "U2's 'Horizon' sales bring band back to Earth". Los Angeles Times. 
  54. ↑ "Billboard Best-Selling Records of 1993 – Million-Selling Albums". Billboard 106 (3): 73. 1993-01-15. 
  55. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Zooropa: Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:hh2gtq2zbu4o. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  56. ↑ "U2 - Consumer Guide Reviews". Robert Christgau. http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=u2. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
  57. ↑ Hilburn, Robert (1993-07-04). "The Unpredictable Fire Burns On". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-04/entertainment/ca-9786_1_other-u2-albums. Retrieved 2010-08-12. 
  58. ↑ Du Noyer, Paul (1993-08). "U2: Zooropa". Q (83): 99. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Hampton, Howard (1993-09). "Spins – Platter du Jour: U2 – Zooropa". Spin 9 (6). 
  60. ↑ Cruz, John (2007-07-02). "U2 - Zooropa Review". Sputnikmusic. http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?albumid=6282. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Baillie, Russell (1993-07-09). "Review: Zooropa". New Zealand Herald. 
  62. ↑ Pareles, Jon (1993-07-04). "A Raucous U2 Moves Farther Out on a Limb". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/04/arts/recordings-view-a-raucous-u2-moves-farther-out-on-a-limb.html?scp=2. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  63. ↑ Hot Press, "Closer to the Edge (pt. 1)", 4 December 4, 2002. Edge says: "... we got the idea of taking images, taking TV as an idea, and putting screens on stage. That started us down that road ..."
  64. ↑ "U2 Babyface". U2Gigs. http://www.u2gigs.com/Babyface-s162.html. Retrieved 2010-08-03. 
  65. ↑ "U2 Charts Classifiche" (in Italian). U2 place.com. http://www.u2place.com/pages/charts_certificazioni.asp. Retrieved 2010-08-06. 
  66. ↑ IFPI Austria
  67. ↑ "CRIA Certification Results: U2". Canadian Recording Industry Association. 2000-12-11. http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php?page=4&wclause=WHERE+artist_name+like+%27%25U2%25%27+ORDER+BY+cert_date%2C+cert_award+&rcnt=81&csearch=80&nextprev=1. Retrieved 2009-11-17. 
  68. ↑ "Les Certifications" (in French). SNEP. http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1995&type=12. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  69. ↑ "Gold/Platinum-Database" (in German). IFPI Germany. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank_beta/. Retrieved 2010-01-04.  Note: U2 must be searched manually
  70. ↑ "Latest Gold / Platinum Albums". RadioScope New Zealand. http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=61. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 
  71. ↑ "Guld & Platina: År 1987–1998" (in Swedish). IFPI Svenska Gruppen. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. http://www.ifpi.se/?page_id=67. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 
  72. ↑ "Certified Awards". British Phonographic Industry. http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  73. ↑ "Gold and Platinum Database Search". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH. Retrieved 2010-01-23.  Note: U2 must be searched manually.
  74. ↑ "Search the charts". Irishcharts.ie. http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  Note: U2 must be searched manually
  75. ↑ "Search Results: The Joshua Tree". RPM. 1987-04-11. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=s8avl4qqqlcn0uk7dtnn8aj1u5&q1=%22The+Joshua+Tree%22. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  76. ↑ "U2 singles". Everyhit.com. http://everyhit.com/. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  Note: U2 must be searched manually.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "U2: Charts and Awards". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. http://www.webcitation.org/5lShoqdHr. Retrieved 2010-01-14. 
  78. ↑ "Zoo". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zoo. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  79. ↑ "Europa". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Europa. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
Bibliography
  • Cogan, Višnja (2008). U2: An Irish Phenomenon. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-933648-71-2. 
  • Flanagan, Bill (1996). U2 at the End of the World (Paperback ed.). New York: Delta. ISBN 978-0-385-31157-1. 
  • Stokes, Niall (2005). U2: Into The Heart: The Stories Behind Every Song (Third ed.). New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-765-2. 
  • U2 (2006). McCormick, Neil. ed. U2 by U2. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-719668-7. 

External links

Preceded by
Back to Broadway by Barbra Streisand		 Billboard 200 number-one album
24 July – 6 August 1993		 Succeeded by
Black Sunday by Cypress Hill
Preceded by
Emergency on Planet Earth by Jamiroquai		 UK number one album
17–23 July 1993		 Succeeded by
Promises and Lies by UB40
Preceded by
Remasters by Led Zeppelin		 Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album
18 July – 14 August 1993		 Succeeded by
Promises and Lies by UB40
Zooropa track listing

"Zooropa" · "Babyface" · "Numb" · "Lemon" · "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" · "Daddy's Gonna Pay for Your Crashed Car" · "Some Days Are Better Than Others" · "The First Time" · "Dirty Day" · "The Wanderer"
Original Soundtracks 1
U2
Bono • Adam Clayton • The Edge • Larry Mullen, Jr.
Studio albums
Boy • October • War • The Unforgettable Fire • The Joshua Tree • Rattle and Hum • Achtung Baby • Zooropa • Pop • All That You Can't Leave Behind • How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb • No Line on the Horizon
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Three • Wide Awake in America • Please: PopHeart Live EP • The Best of 1980–1990 • 7 • The Best of 1990–2000 • Exclusive • The Complete U2 • Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge • U218 Singles • Wide Awake in Europe
Other albums
Under a Blood Red Sky • Melon: Remixes for Propaganda • Original Soundtracks 1 • Hasta la Vista Baby! U2 Live from Mexico City • The Million Dollar Hotel soundtrack • Live from the Point Depot • U2.COMmunication • Zoo TV Live • U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland • Live from Paris • Medium, Rare & Remastered • Artificial Horizon • U2:DUALS • Best of U2
Videos and films
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky • The Unforgettable Fire Collection • Rattle and Hum • Achtung Baby: The Videos, The Cameos, and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV • Zoo TV: Live from Sydney • PopMart: Live from Mexico City • Elevation 2001: U2 Live from Boston • U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland • Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago • Vertigo 05: Live from Milan • U218 Videos • Live from Paris • U2 3D • Linear • U2 360° at the Rose Bowl
Tours and concerts
Boy Tour • October Tour • War Tour • The Unforgettable Fire Tour • A Conspiracy of Hope • The Joshua Tree Tour • Lovetown Tour • Zoo TV Tour • PopMart Tour (concert in Sarajevo) • Elevation Tour • Vertigo Tour • U2 360° Tour
Additional personnel
Anton Corbijn • Brian Eno • Dik Evans • Flood • Howie B • Jimmy Iovine • Daniel Lanois • Steve Lillywhite • Paul McGuinness • Willie Williams
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