Air India Express Flight 812

Air India Express Flight 812

An Air India Express Boeing 737, registration VT-AXU, similar to the aircraft that was involved in the accident
Runway overrun summary
Date 22 May 2010
Type Runway overrun (cause under investigation)
Site Beyond runway 06/24 at Mangalore International Airport
Passengers 160[1][2]
Crew 6[3]
Injuries 8
Fatalities 158[3]
Survivors 8[3]
Aircraft type Boeing 737-8HG
Operator Air India Express
Tail number VT-AXV
Flight origin Dubai International Airport, United Arab Emirates
Destination Mangalore International Airport, India

On 22 May 2010, around 06:30 local time, Air India Express Flight 812,[1][4] a Boeing 737-8HG,[5][6] registration VT-AXV, on a scheduled passenger flight from Dubai, UAE to Mangalore, India overran the runway while landing at Mangalore International Airport. It over shot the runway falling over a cliff[7] and caught fire, the resulting wreckage was spread over the hillside.[4][7][8] There were 160 passengers and 6 crew members on board the aircraft. Of these, only eight passengers survived.[9][10][11][12][3]

With 158 fatalities, the accident is currently the third deadliest in India, after the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision which killed 349, and the 1978 crash of Air India Flight 855 which killed 213.[13] It marked the first major Indian aviation accident since the July 2000 crash of Alliance Air Flight 7412 in Patna.[8] At the time, the accident was the deadliest crash of a 737 aircraft (all series) and the eighth hull loss of a Boeing 737-800 aircraft.[14] It was the second instance of an aircraft overshooting the runway at Mangalore.[15] This is the deadliest aviation accident in 2010 so far and the second of the year involving a 737-800 aircraft.[16]

Contents

Flight history

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-8HG, part of Boeing's 737 Next Generation series, with aircraft registration VT-AXV and manufacturer's serial number 36333, line number 2481. The aircraft first flew on 20 December 2007 with the Boeing test registration N1787B and was delivered on 18 January 2008.[17][18]

The crew consisted of two flight and four cabin members[1] commanded by Captain Zlatko Glušica, and first officer H.S. Ahluwalia,[19] Glušica, a British and Serbian national with over 10,000 hours of flying and over 7,500 hours of command experience, and Ahluwalia (a former employee of Jet Airways who joined Air India in April 2009), were killed.[13][19][20] Both the pilots were based in Mangalore.[21]

Flight

An Air-India Express Boeing 737-800 at Mangalore International Airport

The flight had a scheduled departure time of 01:35 local time from Dubai International Airport in Dubai. It crashed upon landing on the 8,033 foot (2,448 m) runway number 06/24 at Mangalore International Airport at around 06:30 local time (UTC+05:30). The airport, situated in a hilly area, is one of seven Indian airports designated as a "critical airfield" by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. DGCA rules at critical airfields prohibit "supervised take offs and landings", so only the captain (not the first officer) can pilot the aircraft during take-offs and landings.[22][23][24][25] The airport is one among the three airports in India that has a table top runway (others being Kozhikode and Lengpui)[26] which requires a very precise landing approach.[27]

Crash

After touching down on runway number 06/24 (length 8,033 feet or 2,448 m), the plane overran the runway and crashed down the hill at the end of the runway.[13] The last conversations between ATC and the pilot prior to the landing, showed no indication of any distress.[13][28] Indian civil aviation minister, Praful Patel, said that the aircraft was following an ILS (instrument landing system) approach for landing on the newer runway, which was commissioned in 2006. The pilot reported to the ATC (air traffic control) that it was ‘established' on ILS approach at about 15 km from touchdown, landing clearance was given at 7 km from the touchdown. The airplane concluded the ILS approach on runway 24, touched down slightly past the touch down zone, overran the runway, ploughed through a 90-metre long sand arrestor bed which did not stop the airplane. The aircraft then went beyond the arrester bed when its starboard wing impacted the concrete socket of the ILS localiser antenna, it then plunged over the cliff and on to the hillside[7] coming to a stop 200–300 metres past the top of the slope. "The plane broke in two - said one survivor - and a dense black smoke invaded the cabin. I jumped out through an opening in the window. Six other passengers followed me. We fled, with the help of the inhabitants of the nearby village".[29] Television footage showed remains of the aircraft on fire shortly after the crash, seen lying on its belly with smoke rising from the wreckage.[30][31] The minister also stated that weather conditions were normal with a visibility of 6 km, and said the wind condition was calm and there was no rain at the time of the crash. A drizzle started only after the accident.[32][33] Initial reports from survivors suggested a tyre burst[8][34] as it attempted a go-around.

Victims

Apart from the six crew members, a total of 160 passengers were on board.[17] There were 169 names on the original passenger list but nine did not board the flight.[17] All the bodies had been recovered from the wreckage.[35] The majority of victims were believed to be from the districts of Kasaragod and Kannur in Kerala.[36] Karnataka Home Minister V. S. Acharya said eight people were initially reported to have survived, although one person died of his injuries[6] - this was however refuted by an AI spokesman who confirmed that all initial survivors were alive.[37] This confusion was due the fact that fire fighters had rescued a little girl who died on the way to hospital.[38] The airport manager at Mangalore, Peter Abrahim confirmed that there were difficulties when trying to reach the plane.[4][39]

Nationality Fatalities Survivors[11][40] Total
Passengers[12] Crew
 Bangladesh 0 0 1[41] 1
 India 152 5 7 164
 Serbia and  United Kingdom 0 1 0 1
Total 152 6 8 166

Rescue and response

Local villagers were among the first on the scene to help.[42] An estimated 15 fire trucks, 20 ambulances and 100 rescue workers were immediately pushed into the rescue operations.[4][43] The Karnataka Western Range Inspector General of Police, Gopal Hosur, said that eight to ten people had been shifted to hospitals, and that the Karnataka Police force, bomb squad, Karnataka Fire & Emergency Services, Karnataka State Reserve Police and all the hospitals were working together to help out in this situation. The Central Industrial Security Force sent 150 personnel to Mangalore to help in the relief and rescue operations.[13] Bodies of all of the deceased had been recovered from the crash site on the day of the crash itself,[44] and relatives had received 87 of the bodies.[3]

A special emergency information service was quickly established.[13] Praful Patel, Indian Civil Aviation minister, left from New Delhi to be at the scene,[13] The one-year-in-office celebrations of UPA government's second tenure were postponed.[4] He was soon followed by Karnataka Chief Minister B.S. Yeddyurappa and Kerala Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan to take stock of the situation. The chairperson of governing alliance UPA, Sonia Gandhi issued a message of grief and wished a "speedy recovery" to all.[45] The Indian Minister for Civil Aviation, Praful Patel, took moral responsibility for the accident and offered to resign his post, this offer was rejected by the Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh.[46] Many countries and organizations have expressed sorrow and condolences to the people of India over the crash.[47][48][49] The accident was predicted to cost the insurers, and their reinsurers, an amount of Indian rupee400 crore (US$ 90 million).[50][51] Air India received the final amount of Indian rupee90 crore (US$ 20 million) insured towards hull loss,[52][53] they had already received 60% of the estimated Indian rupee230 crore (US$ 50 million).[52]

Investigation

Initial investigation revealed that the plane landed about 600 metres (2,000 ft) beyond the usual touch down point on the runway.[21] The total length of the new runway 24 at Mangalore airport is 2,450 metres (8,040 ft).[54] Airline officials put together a team along with the Airports Authority of India that rushed to the scene to investigate the incident and assist with the rescue efforts.[1] Boeing also announced that a team will be sent to provide technical assistance to Indian authorities at the request of the latter.[55]

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation ordered an inquiry into the crash, which began the day of the crash.[56] The NTSB is also assisting the investigation with a team of specialists including a senior air safety investigator, a flight operations specialist, an aircraft systems specialist and technical advisers for Boeing and the Federal Aviation Administration.[33]

According to audio transcripts obtained from the ATC, Serbian pilot Zlatko Glušica, aged 55, was given clearance to land, however, he suddenly aborted the attempted landing. The throttle of the aircraft was reported to have been found in the forward position, suggesting that the pilot had attempted to abort the landing and proceeded to take off again from the runway.[57] According to unnamed ATC sources at Mangalore, the co-pilot Ahluwalia was said to have warned his commander more than once to go around instead of landing,[58] and also that this warning had come at a height of 800 ft,[58] well before the aircraft made a touch down.

The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was recovered on 23 May,[59] and the flight data recorder (FDR) was recovered two days later.[60] The recorders were sent to New Delhi by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation for data acquisition and analysis[61] were sent to the US to the NTSB for investigation.[62] DGCA official Zaidi claimed "better data protection" while unnamed officials mentioned heavy damage to the devices.[62]

In direct response to this accident[63] the Government of India decided to set up an independent air accident enquiry board called the Civil Aviation Authority would function independent of the DGCA.[63] Effectively this means the DGCA will be the regulator and the CAA the investigator.[63] The Director General of the DGCA said that it would be set up though a legislation, and would comply with the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organisation.[63]

Court of Inquiry

On 3 June 2010 the Government of India set up a Court of Inquiry (CoI) to investigate the air crash. Former Vice Chief of Air Staff, Air Marshal Bhushan Nilkanth Gokhale, was appointed to head the inquiry.[64] Named the Gokhale inquiry, it has to investigate the reasons behind the crash and was originally mandated to submit its findings by 31 August 2010,[64] this was later extended by a month to 30 September 2010.[65] The Government has also appointed four experts into this CoI to assist in the investigation.[64] The CoI started its investigations by visiting the crash site on 7 June 2010,[66] it also visited all the eight survivors for information.[66]

On 17 August 2010, the CoI started a three day public hearing in Mangalore to interview airport officials and witnesses.[67] On day one airport and airline officials deposed that the aircraft had approached at an altitude higher than usual, and that it had landed beyond the threshold point. They also mentioned that the airport's Radar was in-operational from 20 May 2010.[68] The airport chief fire officer informed that the crash tenders had reached the site in four minutes[67] due to the fact that the road leading away from the airport perimeter to the crash site was very narrow and undulating. On day two transcript of the cockpit to ATC conversation was released,[69] in which it was indicated that the co-pilot had suggested a "go around" after the pilot has informed the ATC that it was 'clear to land'.[69] Doctors who had conducted the post mortems on the bodies mentioned that most of them had died of burns.[70] On day four Air India's flight safety officer informed the inquiry that the aircraft's thrust lever and the thrust reverse levers where both in the forward positions,[71] possibly indicating that the pilot intended to go around. The inquiry panel informed that the information from the FDR would released at the next hearing of the CoI at New Delhi on 3 September 2010,[71] and the that of the CVR soon after. The CoI would submit its report on 30 September 2010.[71]

Compensation

The Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh announced Indian rupee2 lakh (US$ 4,540) or €3,390) for the families of the dead and Indian rupee50,000 (US$ 1,140) for the injured. These funds are to be allocated from the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund.[72] The Karnataka Chief Minister Yeddyurappa has also announced a compensation of Indian rupee2 lakh (US$ 4,540) to the families of the dead.[73] In addition to this the Civil Aviation Ministry advised that the Airline will provide up to Indian rupee72 lakh (US$ 163,440) to the family members of each victim as per the provisions of the Indian Carriage by Air (Amendment) Act which follows the Montreal Convention.[72][74] The Airline has announced an interim compensation of Indian rupee10 lakh (US$ 22,700)10,00,000 for passengers above 12 years of age, Indian rupee5 lakh (US$ 11,350) for passengers below 12 years of age and Indian rupee2 lakh (US$ 4,540) for every injured passenger. This compensation is over and above the ex-gratia payment announced by the Prime Minister.[75] Additionally Air India has said it would offer jobs to the survivors.[76] As of 11 June 2010 an amount of Indian rupee17 crore (US$ 4 million) had been distributed as compensation to the families of the victims and to the eight survivors.[77]

See also


References

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  2. ↑ "List of passengers on Air India Express flight". The Hindu. 22 May 2010. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article435569.ece. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Air India Express IX-812 Accident - Press Release 6." Air India. 23 May 2010. Retrieved on 23 May 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "150 killed as Air India plane crashes in Mangalore". Hindustan Times. 22 May 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/150-killed--as-Air-India-plane-crashes-in-Mangalore/H1-Article1-546915.aspx. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
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  9. ↑ Mangalore Plane Crash: 160 killed in Air India plane crash in Mangalore
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  51. ↑ "Air India Plane Crash Unlikely to Hit Insurers Badly". LiveMint.com. Gurgaon, India: HT Media. 24 May 2010. http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/24091755/Air-India-plane-crash-unlikely.html. Retrieved 25 May 2010. 
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  53. ↑ "Mangalore crash: AI gets $50m insurance claim". Times of India. 2010-08-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mangalore-crash-AI-gets-50m-insurance-claim/articleshow/6322426.cms. Retrieved 2010-08-17. 
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  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 "Govt to set up authority to probe air accidents". Deccan Herald. 25 June 2010. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/77540/govt-set-up-authority-probe.html. Retrieved 26 June 2010. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 "Court of inquiry to investigate Mangalore crash". Times of India. 2010-06-03. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Court-of-inquiry-to-investigate-Mangalore-crash/articleshow/6007882.cms. Retrieved 2010-06-04. 
  65. ↑ "Mangalore: Crash Committee Gets One-month Extension, Further Delay Likely". Daijiworld. 2010-08-13. http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=83278&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Crash+Committee+Gets+One-month+Extension%2C+Further+Delay+Likely. Retrieved 2010-08-20. 
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  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Crash victims were asphyxiated". Times of India. 2010-08-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Crash-victims-were-asphyxiated/articleshow/6326916.cms. Retrieved 2010-08-18. 
  68. ↑ "Court of Inquiry in air crash begins hearing". The Hindu. 2010-08-17. http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/18/stories/2010081859210100.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-18. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Co-pilot’s cries went in vain". Deccan Herald. 2010-08-18. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/89772/co-pilots-cries-went-vain.html. Retrieved 2010-08-19. 
  70. ↑ "Police get 160 post mortem reports against 158 bodies". BelleVision. 2010-08-18. http://www.bellevision.com/index.php?action=news_diggest&type=498. Retrieved 2010-08-19. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "M’lore crash: Pilot may have tried to take off". Deccan Herald. 2010-08-20. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/90050/mlore-crash-pilot-may-have.html. Retrieved 2010-08-20. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 . http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/kin-of-crash-victims-to-get-up-to-rs-76-lakh-compensation-27182.php. 
  73. ↑ . http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Karnataka-govt-announces-compensation/articleshow/5963065.cms. 
  74. ↑ . "http://www.airindia.co.in/yatrik/concarr.htm". 
  75. ↑ Air India Announces Interim Compensation for Mangalore Air Tragedy Victims - Press Information Bureau, Government of India, press release
  76. ↑ "Air India offers jobs to crash survivors". The Hindu. 2010-05-24. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article437000.ece. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
  77. ↑ "Rs17 crore relief paid to families of Mangalore crash victims". DNA. 2010-05-11. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rs17-crore-relief-paid-to-families-of-mangalore-crash-victims_1395008. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 

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