Chicago Spire

Chicago Spire Chicago Spire.jpg
An artist's depiction of how the Chicago Spire would look if completed
ChicagoSpire 05 25 08.jpg
The construction site has been dormant since late 2008
General information
Location 400 N Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Status on hold
Groundbreaking June 25, 2007[1]
Estimated completion Unknown
Opening Unknown
Use Residential[2]
Height
Roof 2,000 feet (609.6 m)[2][3]
Technical details
Floor count 150[4]
Floor area 3,000,000 square feet (278,700 m2)[5]
Companies involved
Architect(s) Santiago Calatrava
Perkins and Will
Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti
Contractor Case Foundation[6]
Developer Shelbourne Development[6]

The Chicago Spire is a skyscraper that was under construction in the U.S. city of Chicago, Illinois, during 2005-2008. The building was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and is being developed by Garrett Kelleher of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc.[2][3][7] If completed, at 2,000 feet (610 m) and with 150 floors, it will be among the world's tallest buildings and freestanding structures.[8] Originally announced in May 2008 by Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company, the project was supported by many Chicagoans and city officials.[9][10][11]

After several months of development in 2005, Carley failed to acquire necessary financing and the project was taken over by Garrett Kelleher of the Shelbourne Development Group in 2006. Since that time, three major revisions were made to the design[12] and the renamed project gained city approval.[12] But following the start of the late-2000s recession, and its impact on the primary lender for the project, construction was suspended at the site.[13] Amid several unsuccessful attempts with labor union investment funds to bail out the project,[14] Shelbourne Development continues its attempt to secure additional financing and restart construction.[13][14]

Contents

History

Fordham Spire

Originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005, the design called for 115 stories.[15] Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company was spearheading the project. The building was planned to include a hotel and condominiums and also featured a tall broadcast antenna mast. On March 16, 2006, the initial design of the building passed unanimously during that day's meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission and on March 23, 2006, the same happened at the city's Zoning Committee meeting.[16] On March 29, 2006, The Chicago City Council also approved that design.[17] As part of the approval process, the council passed a measure that raised the height limit on structures at the site to accommodate the 2,000-foot (610 m) tower.

There was widespread support for the original design of the building among both the residents of the immediate neighborhood and the city of Chicago as a whole, partly because the building would block less sunlight and obscure less of the skyline than would the uses for which the land was originally zoned. Chicago Mayor Daley said he approved of the design, stating that it was environmentally friendly. Chicago's 42nd Ward Alderman Burton F. Natarus, who was the local ward alderman when the building was announced, said: "This is a very unique opportunity for the city of Chicago. This building belongs to Chicago and should be in Chicago."[10]

Opposition from some neighborhood residents originated from concerns with increased congestion. Donald Trump immediately voiced opposition to the building, stating that the structure would be a target for terrorists and did not even seem to be a viable project.[18] One of his projects, however, the Trump International Hotel and Tower, is also a skyscraper that completed construction in January 2009 just a few blocks west of the Chicago Spire site; the building would be displaced by the Chicago Spire as the tallest residential structure in the United States, and would also be in direct competition with the tower in selling residential units.[18]

Initial financial problems

After several months of development, Carley failed to obtain sufficient financing for the construction of the building.[19] Irish developer Garrett Kelleher, executive chairman of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc., stepped in and acquired the land, at 400 North Lake Shore Drive. It was announced that he would fund the development.[19] With Kelleher taking over the project, much of the uncertainty of its development was thought to be diminished because Kelleher stated he was putting up 100% of the equity, something Carley had been unable to do.[20] He also had financial backing to acquire the land, something Carley lacked. Kelleher stated he would consider using Carley's services on the development and that "Carley will be paid an unspecified sum for his involvement in the deal so far."[21] Kelleher later renamed the project "Chicago Spire" after shortly going by "400 North Lake Shore Drive", as it was no longer a Fordham project.[21]

New designs

Garrett Kelleher

In the final quarter of 2006, Shelbourne Development issued two separate press releases regarding the construction and design of the spire. A November 2006 press release stated that construction of the Chicago Spire would begin in June 2007. In early December 2006, Shelbourne Development issued another press release stating that the design of the building had been revised. This included the removal of the hotel and antenna mast, making the building composed solely of condominium units. The design change altered the twist to be consolidated towards the base of the building, which was also wider than the original plan. Additionally, the spire no longer tapered at the top, resulting in an increase in floor space and overall floor count. The revision also removed the separate parking structure from the original plan, instead incorporating underground parking into the spire itself.[2] This first major redesign of the Chicago Spire was criticized by architectural critics and city officials.[22]

In late December 2006, the Chicago Tribune reported that the developer was soliciting opinions on a further revision from community leaders.[23] Several weeks following that report the Chicago Tribune held an exclusive interview with architect Santiago Calatrava and lead developer Garrett Kelleher. During the interview, Calatrava drew out design ideas restoring the rotating design of the building and showcasing his vision for the Chicago Spire's lobby.[24] On March 26, 2007, further revisions were shown during a public presentation by Shelbourne Development showcasing the most recent design.[25]

Approval

Following the March 26, 2007 public presentation by Shelbourne Development, residents showed favorable reaction to the newest design of the Chicago Spire.[26] The Chicago Plan Commission approved the final plans of the Chicago Spire on April 19, 2007.[12][26][27] Chicago's zoning committee also approved the tower on April 26 and, on May 9, 2007, the Chicago City Council approved the final design of the Chicago Spire.[7][12]

Marketing

In June 2008, Shelbourne had sold more than 350 of the 1,193 units—more than half of those to foreign investors in markets where certain United States Securities and Exchange Commission regulations do not apply. Shelbourne announced on September 30, 2008 that the building's penthouse was sold to Beanie Babies manufacturer Ty Warner.[28] Kelleher has offered to rent out units at a guaranteed 7.5% return to spur sales. The plan is common outside the United States where it is marketed more heavily and should spur sales of the smallest units which are most likely to be purchased as rental property investments by foreigners.[29]

Financial crisis and suspension of construction

The construction site has been dormant since late 2008.

By October 2008, the late-2000s recession was beginning to have an impact on the project. Construction was suspended and the tower's architect, Santiago Calatrava, placed an $11.34 million (USD) lien on the construction site, stating that Kelleher had not yet paid him for his work.[30] Within a few months Anglo Irish Bank, the primary lender for the project, was on the brink of financial collapse.[31] The bank's stocks had lost nearly all of their value and Anglo Irish Bank was facing nationalization.[31] Due to the bank's dire financial situation, Shelbourne Development was forced to suspend construction,[32] and would eventually have to pay back the $69.5 million (USD) it already borrowed.[13][31]

Additional litigation and liens threatened the project by autumn 2009. The owner of the NBC Tower in Chicago sued to evict Shelbourne Development from their sales office, where extensive modeling of the Chicago Spire had been installed.[33] The lawsuit alleged that Shelbourne was behind $316,000 (USD) in lease payments.[33] In addition to this and other liens listed on the property,[34] Bank of America filed a lawsuit against Shelbourne Development for $4.92 million (USD).[35] The lawsuit was an attempt to collect that sum on two unpaid loans used for initial construction at the Chicago Spire site.[35]

After these setbacks and the failure of Chicago's bid for the 2016 Olympic games, the future of the project was admittedly bleak. However in late 2009, the AFL-CIO and Kelleher announced that they were discussing the potential for a $170 million (USD) land loan that would retire Kelleher's loan from Anglo Irish Bank, pay off the outstanding liens, and restart work in exchange for making the construction a complete union job.[34] Due to the lack of construction from the failed 2016 Olympic bid and the sluggish economy, Chicago unions were desperate to find work for their employees as they face near 30% unemployment.[13] Construction of the Chicago Spire would provide approximately 900 full time jobs to union members for four years if construction resumed.[13] In addition to the $194 million (USD) that Kelleher has invested personally in the project already, backup financing of an unspecified amount and from an unknown source in the form of mezzanine capital and bridge loans has been guaranteed and will kick-in automatically if the $170 million (USD) AFL-CIO loan is secured.[36]

But within weeks of the official announcement that Kelleher was searching for union bailouts, four major labor union investment funds declined to offer Shelbourne Development any loans.[14] While Kelleher is continuing to search for financing, his options for financing are now significantly minimized.[14]

Location

Location map

The skyscraper is being constructed along Chicago's lake front west of Navy Pier, located northeast of Chicago's Loop, in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The construction site is at the junction of Lake Michigan and the Chicago River, and is bordered by the Ogden Slip of the Chicago River to the north, North Lake Shore Drive to the east, the Chicago River to the south, and existing residential property to the west. The site was originally zoned for two 35- to 50-story buildings.[9] Originally, it was to be sold by a joint venture of LR Development Company of Chicago and JER Partners of Virginia for $64 million to Christopher Carley of the Fordham Company.[37] After numerous short-term extensions, and later Carley's failure to obtain financing, Kelleher of Shelbourne Development purchased the land instead and pledged to finance the rest of the project.[19]

DuSable Park

Chicago Spire site and DuSable Park prior to construction in 2007.

When the project was first announced, the Fordham Company pledged almost $500,000 to assist in the development of the city's proposed DuSable Park, which would adjoin the property of the Chicago Spire.[10] DuSable Park would span 3.24 acres (1.31 ha) and has a $11.4 million budget for its renovation.[38] On March 26, 2007, Shelbourne pledged to pay $6 million toward the development of the park, making up the deficit left over from the city's own initial pledge of $6 million and far exceeding the Fordham Co's initial offer.[39] In May 2007 Shelbourne's pledge jumped to $9.6 million.[40]

Soil tests performed in December 2000 on the property of the proposed park showed contamination of radioactive thorium.[41] Thorium was used by the Lindsay Light Company which operated a location nearby. After the closing of the location in the 1930s, contaminated soil was dumped on the location of the proposed park. In March 2003, the Chicago Park District stated that the thorium clean-up on that land was incomplete.[42] Hazards of contamination can be avoided by laying a minimum of 6 inches (15 cm) of concrete over any affected soil, a process which would be more feasible for the site of the Chicago Spire than for the adjacent park.[41]

Architecture

Design

A silhouette of the building’s basic exterior design.

As with many of his designs, Calatrava has been inspired by themes and designs in nature for the tall, twisting skyscraper.[43] For the design of the building, he likened the structure to an imaginary smoke spiral coming from a campfire near the Chicago River lit by Native Americans indigenous to the area,[44] and also related the building's newly designed pinnacle to the "graceful" and "rotating forms" of a snail shell.[24]

Standing at 2,000 feet (610 m), the Chicago Spire would further transform the always-changing Chicago skyline.[2][3][45] Plans for the tower include 1,193 condominiums with each of the building's 150 stories rotating 2.4 degrees from the one below it for a total 360 degree rotation.[46] In February 2008, prices for the condominiums were announced as ranging from $750,000 to $40 million USD.[47] For supplemental structural support, each floor would be surrounded by cantilevered corners and four concave sides.[48] Similar to the Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) and John Hancock Center observation decks, the Chicago Spire will house a community room at the top floor offering residents a view of four U.S. states.[49][50][51] The soaring four story lobby of the skyscraper will have translucent glass walls and be framed by arching, steel reinforced concrete vaults.[24] The building has been labeled as a giant "drill bit" by the public and others in the media have likened it to a "tall twisting tree" and a "blade of grass".[22][52]

The curved design, similar to that of Calatrava's Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, may provide two major benefits to the structure of the building. First, curved designs have a tendency of adding to the strength of a structure.[53] A similar principle has been applied in the past with curved stadium roofs. In addition to structural support, the curved face of the exterior will minimize wind forces. In rectangular buildings, a fluid wind flow puts pressure on the windward face of the building; while air moves around it, a suction is applied to the leeward face. This often causes a sway in tall buildings which can be counteracted, at least partially, by stiffening the structure or by using a dynamic wind damper.[53] Although the curved design of the Chicago Spire will not completely negate wind forces, a tapering concrete core and twelve shear walls emanating from it are installed to counteract these forces instead.[48]

Additionally, the Chicago Spire will incorporate world-class sustainable engineering practices to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold recognition. Sustainable features include recycled rainwater, river water used for cooling, ornithologically-sensitive glass to protect migratory birds, intelligent building and management systems, waste storage and recycling management, and monitored outdoor air delivery.[46]

Construction

Following the city approval, it was announced that construction of the Chicago Spire was to begin in summer 2007 with caisson scheduled to begin as early as June 2007.[54] DuSable Park was designated as a staging area for the construction of the tower.[55] The sales center for the Chicago Spire opened on January 14, 2008.[56]

On September 19, 2008, a spokeswoman for the developer announced that construction was continuing on the building, but that the pace of construction will be slowed until the financial markets improve from the subprime mortgage crisis.[57] Kelleher has promised that he still has financial backing,[57] although analysts have questioned the ability of the project to survive the current economic decline.[58] A contractor to build the building's superstructure has not yet been named.[58] The October 1, 2008 edition of The Wall Street Journal said that the building foundation was complete and the above ground construction would not continue until the markets recover.[59]

Underground phase

Crane parts and construction equipment arrived at the site on June 25, 2007.[60] The following day Shelbourne Development officially announced the first construction contract.[6] In preparation for construction, 34 concrete and steel caissons were drilled 120 feet (37 m) into bedrock underground; this was completed June 25, 2008.[6] A cofferdam with a 104 feet (32 m) diameter and 78 feet (24 m) depth was installed to create a work environment and will later act as a foundation for the building's core.[6] The surrounding neighborhood is set to receive a utility upgrade.[61]

Images

View of the site in 1963

Months before construction on April 13, 2006

Bedrock being drilled on August 22, 2007

Closeup of base excavation January 12, 2008

May 25, 2008

Buildings along the sides of the river in a panorama view

The site as of July 2, 2010.

See also

References

Further reading

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Chicago Spire is officially under construction". NewcitySkyline. 2007-08-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928035143/http://www.newcityskyline.com/TheChicagoSpireisofficiallyunderconstruction.html. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "The Chicago Spire, Chicago, Illinois, USA". SPG Media Limited. http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/chicago-spire/. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Baeb, Eddie; Gallun, Alby (2006-12-06). "Calatrava tower to drop spire". Crain's Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?rssFeed=news&id=23109. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  4. ↑ "Chicago Spire". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=39392. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
  5. ↑ "Calatrava's Latest Twist from Spire to Licorice Stick". Repeat. 2008. http://lynnbecker.com/repeat/calatravachicago/calatravachicago.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Shelbourne Development Awards Contract to Build Foundation of The Chicago Spire". Business Wire. 2007-06-26. http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services/4530003-1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Stein, Alex. "The Chicago Spire" (PDF). http://www.daapspace.daap.uc.edu/~larsongr/Larsonline/SkyCaseStu_files/Cala-%20Spire.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  8. ↑ "The Chicago Spire Achieves 30 Percent Sales". Shelbourne Development. 2008-04-06. http://www.shelbournedevelopment.com/press_release.php?id=96. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Chicago Spire : , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States". Chicago Architecture.info. http://www.chicagoarchitecture.info/ShowBuilding/357.php. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bush, Haydn (2006-03-22). "Calatrava Spire Gains Approval of Plan Commission". Natarus.com. Chicago Journal. http://www.natarus.com/news/essayitem.aspx?essayid=25. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  11. ↑ Associated Press (2005-07-25). "Tallest U.S. skyscraper proposed for Chicago". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8715644/. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Financial questions tower over Spire's political win". Chicago Tribune. 2000-04-20. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/apr/20/nation/chi-070419spire. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Barrett, Joe (2009-12-09). "Push to Finish Tallest Tower". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126023594022181191.html?mod=residential_real_estate. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Baeb, Eddie (2009-12-21). "Chicago Spire twists in wind as union funds pass on bailout loan". Crain's Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/article.pl?articleId=32828. Retrieved 2009-12-22. 
  15. ↑ Corfman, Thomas; Kamin, Blair (2005-07-26). "Tallest tower to twist rivals". Chicago Tribune. http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/nationworld/chi-0507260175jul26,0,3601025.story. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  16. ↑ McHugh, Michael (2006-03-16). "Planning commission approves Fordham Spire". Crain's Chicago Business. http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=19877. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  17. ↑ Yue, Lorene (2006-03-29). "City Council OKs Fordham Spire". Crain's Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=20016. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Slevin, Peter (2005-07-25). "Chicago Developer Wants to Erect Tower With a Twist". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/26/AR2005072601680.html. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Marin, Matthew (2006-07-20). "Irish Developer Will Build North America's Tallest Building in the Windy City". Multi-Housing News. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927153815/http://www.multi-housingnews.com/multihousing/headlines/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002876823. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  20. ↑ Comerford, Mike (2006-07-20). "New developer in works for site of Fordham Spire". Business (Daily Herald): p. 1. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Roeder, David (2006-07-20). "New twist in spire project". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 51. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jacobs, Scott (2007-01-14). "Spinning politics with the Spire". Chicago Sun-Times. http://web.archive.org/web/20070118021334/http://www.suntimes.com/news/otherviews/210600,CST-CONT-spire14.article. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  23. ↑ Kamin, Blair (2006-12-21). "Controversial skyscraper plan gets new look". Chicago Tribune. http://www.spireowners.com/forum/Blah.pl?b-News/m-1195956790/. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Kamin, Blair (2007-01-21). "New twists for lakefront skyscraper: An exclusive look at the latest Spire drawings". Chicago Tribune. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/jan/21/news/chi-0701210430jan21. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  25. ↑ Beacker, Lynn (2007-03-27). "Kamin unveils latest design for Calatrava's Chicago Spire". Repeat. http://www.lynnbecker.com/repeat/calatravachicago/calatrava3rd.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kamin, Blair (2007-03-08). "Final Chicago Spire plans set to be revealed". Chicago Tribune. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/mar/08/news/chi-0703080014mar08. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  27. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2007-04-20). "Chicago Spire gets Plan Commission OK". Crain's Chicago Business. http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=24658. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  28. ↑ Podmolik, Mary Ellen (2008-09-30). "Beanie Baby magnate signs contract for Spire penthouse". Chicago Tribune. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/sep/30/business/chi-spire-beanie-baby-sep30. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  29. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2008-06-30). "Spire developer adds a new twist". Crain's Chicago Business. Crain Communications Inc.. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=30002. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  30. ↑ Kamin, Blair (2008-11-12). "Chicago's Spire In Trouble". Business Week. McGraw-Hill Companies. http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/nov2008/id20081112_290436.htm?chan=innovation_architecture_top+stories. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Roeder, David (2008-12-26). "Spire mired in Irish bank crisis". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/business/1349674,CST-FIN-spire26.article. Retrieved 2008-12-26. 
  32. ↑ Hilliard, Mark (2008-12-28). "Anglo Irish crisis leads to work halting on Chicago Spire". Sunday Tribune. http://www.tribune.ie/archive/article/2008/dec/28/anglo-irish-crisis-leads-to-work-halting-on-chicag/. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Corfman, Thomas A. (2009-10-14). "Spire developer faces eviction from sales center site". Crain's Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=35790&seenIt=1. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Podmollik, Mary Ellen (2009-11-30). "Spire developer Garret Kelleher to meet with leaders of AFL-CIO pension investment trusts". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-mon-spire-1130-nov30,0,1953419.story. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Corfman, Thomas A. & Baeb, Eddie (2009-08-14). "Bank of America sues Spire developer". Crain's Chicago Business. http://www.chicagorealestatedaily.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=35132. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 
  36. ↑ Roeder, David (2009-12-09). "Spire inches closer to reality". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/business/roeder/1928670,CST-FIN-roeder09.article. Retrieved 2009-12-09. 
  37. ↑ Corfman, Thomas (2006-07-19). "Carley’s back finds familiar wall in bid to build Fordham Spire". Chicago Business. Crain Communications. http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=21390. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  38. ↑ Herrmann, Andrew (2006-09-18). "A DuSable park at last". Chicago Sun-Times. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013201352/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060918/ai_n16733817. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  39. ↑ Yue, Lorene (2007-03-26). "More twists in final plans for Chicago Spire". Chicago Business. Crain Communications. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=24369. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  40. ↑ Spielman, Fran (2007-05-09). "City approves Chicago Spire design". Chicago Sun-Times. http://web.archive.org/web/20070513164931/http://suntimes.com/news/metro/377686,CST-NWS-spire09.article. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Palmer, Laurie. "3 Acres on the Lake: DuSable Park Proposal Project, Site Description and Context". http://www.saic.edu/~lpalmer/site.htm#Environ. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  42. ↑ Palmer, Laurie. "3 Acres on the Lake : Dusable Park, Chicago by Laurie Palmer". http://web.archive.org/web/20070908064135/http://www.laforum.org/forum_issue_5_parks/3_acres_on_the_lake_dusable_park_chicago_by_laurie_palmer. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  43. ↑ Tzonis, Alexander (2004). Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works. New York: Rizzoli. 
  44. ↑ Stern, Andrew (2009-03-29). "Global recession stalls skyscraper construction". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLNE52M00B20090323. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  45. ↑ Larson, George A.; Pridmore, Jay (2005). Chicago Architecture and Design: Revised and Expanded. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Matlock, Kelly (2007-09-27). "Calatrava leads tour of Chicago Spire Sales Center". http://web.archive.org/web/20080117094557/http://www.newcityskyline.com/CSSalesCenter.html. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  47. ↑ House & Home (London: Financial Times): p. 3. 2008-02-23. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Hampton, Tudor (2006-03-27). "Chicago Builders Ride Next 'Supertall' Wave - Developers in the Windy City have their eyes set on luxury residences climbing over". Empire Projects. http://www.empireprojects.com/Articles.3-06-Construction.com.Chicago-Supertall.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  49. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2007-04-20). "Chicago Spire gets Plan Commission OK". Chicago Business (Crain Communications). http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=24658. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  50. ↑ "The New Hancock Observatory". The Hancock Observatory. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20070829142230/http://www.hancock-observatory.com/index.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  51. ↑ "Discover the All New Skydeck". Sears Tower Skydeck. http://www.the-skydeck.com/info.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  52. ↑ Kamin, Blair (2006-12-07). "Major redesign is latest twist in plan for spire". Chicago Tribune. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2006/dec/07/business/chi-0612070161dec07. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Salvadori, Mario (1982). Why Buildings Stand Up: The Strength of Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. 
  54. ↑ Associated Press (2007-05-10). "City council OKs plan for Chicago Spire building, would be nation's tallest". Chesterton Tribune. http://www.chestertontribune.com/Northwest%20Indiana/5102%20city_council_oks_plan_for_chicag.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  55. ↑ "Chicago Spire // USA // Santiago Calatrava". ArchiCentral. 2009-03-06. http://www.archicentral.com/chicago-spire-usa-santiago-calatrava-7546/. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  56. ↑ Baeb, Eddie (2008-01-14). "Spire sales office opens today". Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=27745&seenIt=1. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Roeder, David (2008-09-19). "Business briefs: Economic upheaval causes delays in building of Spire". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 44. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Chicago Spire: Modest beginnings for a skyline icon". Chicago Tribune. 2008-09-10. http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2008/09/chicago-spire-m.html. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  59. ↑ Sharma, Amol, Jennifer Saranow, Ilan Brat and Lauren Etter (2008-10-01). "Businesses Pressure Congress on Bailout Plan". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122281874953692447.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  60. ↑ Drake, Gary. "Chicago Spire Information". http://www.boca-del-mar.com/FAQ/. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  61. ↑ Giometti, Carl (2008-09-10). "Holey Chicago! New Spire Renderings". Gapers Block. http://gapersblock.com/ac/2008/09/10/holey-chicago-new-spire-render/. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 

External links

Supertall skyscrapers
See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers · List of architects of supertall buildings
Future Chicago skyscrapers
Under construction
108 North State Street · 155 North Wacker · One Museum Park West · Waterview Tower
Proposed or approved
200 North Riverside Plaza · 29 South LaSalle · 375 East Wacker Drive · 560 N. Fairbanks · Cityfront Plaza Tower III · Grant Park Towers · InterContinental Chicago (North Tower) · Park Michigan · Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower
Cancelled or distressed
Chicago Spire · Mandarin Oriental
See also: Chicago Skyscrapers