Douglas F4D Skyray
| F4D (F-6) Skyray | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Role | Fighter aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| Designed by | Ed Heinemann |
| First flight | 23 January 1951 |
| Introduced | 1956 |
| Retired | 1964 |
| Primary users | United States Navy United States Marine Corps |
| Produced | 1950-1958 |
| Number built | 422 |
| Developed into | F5D Skylancer |
The Douglas F4D Skyray (later redesignated F-6 Skyray) was an American carrier-based fighter/interceptor built by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Although it was in service for a relatively short time and never entered combat, it was notable for being the first carrier-launched aircraft to hold the world's absolute speed record,[1] and was the first United States Navy and United States Marine Corps fighter capable of exceeding Mach 1 in level flight. It would be the last fighter produced by the Douglas Aircraft Company until it merged with McDonnell Aircraft and became McDonnell-Douglas, which has since been acquired by Boeing. The F5D Skylancer was an advanced development of the F4D Skyray that did not go into service.
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Design and development
The Skyray was designed to meet a Navy requirement issued in 1947 for a fighter aircraft capable of intercepting and destroying an enemy aircraft at an altitude of 50,000 ft (15,240 m) within five minutes of the alarm being sounded.[2] The Navy also wanted an aircraft which followed the designs and research of the German aerodynamicist Alexander Lippisch who moved to the U.S. after World War II.
The F4D Skyray was a wide delta wing design with long, sharply swept, rounded wings. The design was named after the Manta ray fish which it resembled.[3] The thick wing roots contained the air intakes feeding a single turbojet engine. Fuel was contained both in the wings and the deep fuselage. Leading edge slats were fitted for increased lift during takeoff and landing, while the trailing edges were mostly elevon control surfaces. Additional pitch trimmers were fitted inboard near the jet exhaust, and were locked upward on takeoff and landing.
The Westinghouse J40 turbojet was the intended power plant, but Douglas took a conservative view and designed in contingency options for other power plants. The J40 proved troublesome and was eventually cancelled, with the Skyray was fitted instead with the Pratt & Whitney J57, a more powerful but larger engine.
Production aircraft were not delivered until early 1956, while the U.S. Marine Corps received their first in 1957. In total, 419 F4D-1 (later designated F-6 in the unified designation system) aircraft were produced.
Its unique design also played a part in making the Skyray one of the best-known early jet fighters. Affectionately known as the "Ford" (after the "Four" and "D" of its designation).[4] In 1953, Edward H. Heinemann was awarded the Collier Trophy in recognition of his design work on the F4D.[5]
Operational history
In April 1956, VC-3 was the first squadron operational with the F4D-1.[1] This unit was later redesignated VFAW-3 and assigned to NORAD, as the only U.S. Navy fighter squadron in what was predominantly a U.S. Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force organization. VFAW-3 was permanently based at NAS North Island in San Diego, California.
The U.S. Marine Corps also flew the Skyray. When the Department of Defense adopted a uniform aircraft designation system patterned on the USAF aircraft designation system in September 1962, the F4D was redesignated as the F-6A Skyray. In addition to multiple Navy and Marine Corps squadrons, Naval Air Reserve and Marine Air Reserve squadrons VF-881, VF-882 and VMF-215 also flew the Skyray. The last operational squadron was VMF(AW)-542, which flew the Skyray until February 1964.
The Skyray was designed exclusively for the high-altitude interception role with a spectacular rate and angle of climb. The Skyray set a new time to altitude record flying from a standing start to 49,221 ft (15,000 m) in 2 minutes and 36 seconds, all while flying at a 70° pitch angle.[1] As a dedicated interceptor, the F4D was unsuited to the multi-mission capabilities soon in demand, so it had a short career in Navy and Marine Corps service, the last aircraft being withdrawn from service in 1964. Four aircraft were used by NACA (soon to be NASA) until 1969.[6]
Under the new 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system, the F4D-1 was redesignated the F-6A. The F4D (old designation) should not be confused with the F-4D (new designation) - the latter being the "D" variant of the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II operated by the U.S. Air Force.
F5D Skylancer
The F5D Skylancer was derived from the F4D and intended to be a Mach 2 capable successor to the Skyray. Although a small series of prototypes were built and flown, the project was cancelled as being too similar in mission parameters to the Vought F8U Crusader and also to reduce dependence upon Douglas Aircraft, which was also producing several other aircraft for the U.S. Navy.[6]
Variants
- XF4D-1
- Prototypes, redesignated YF-6A in 1962, two built
- F4D-1
- Single-seat fighter aircraft, production model redesignated F-6A in 1962, 420 built.
- F4D-2
- Re-engined F4D-1 with the J57-F-14, 100 on order cancelled.
- F4D-2N
- F4D-2 version with extended nose housing twin radar scanners, project only evolved into the F5D Skylancer.
- YF-6A
- XF4D-1 prototypes redesignated in 1962.
- F-6A
- F4D-1 redesignated in 1962.
Operators
-
- US Navy
- VFAW-3
- VF-13
- VF-23
- VF-51
- VF-74
- VF-101
- VF-102
- VF-141
- VF-162
- VF-213
- VF-881
- VF-882
-
- US Marines
- VMF-113
- VMF-114
- VMF-115
- VMF-215
- VMF-314
- VMF-513
- VMFA-531
- VMF(AW)-542
-
- NACA /NASA
Survivors
- The sole-surviving XF4D-1 (BuNo 124587) is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation and is display at the U.S. Naval Museum of Armament and Technology at NAWS China Lake, California.
- An F4D-1 (BuNo 134806) is part of the collection preserved at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida[7]
- F4D-1 (BuNo 134748) is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation and is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[8]
- F4D-1 (BuNo 134936) is part of the collection at the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum [9]
- F4D-1 (BuNo 134836) is on outdoor display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
- F4D-1 (BuNo 139177) is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation and on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum at MCAS Miramar in
San Diego, California.[10] - F4D-1 (BuNo 134950) is on loan from the National Museum of Naval Aviation and is on display at Aviation Heritage Park at NAS Oceana in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[11]
Specifications (F4D-1)
Data from The American Fighter [1]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 45 ft 3 in (10.21 m)
- Wingspan: 33 ft 6 in (13.8 m)
- Height: 13 ft 0 in (3.96 m)
- Wing area: 557 ft² (52 m²)
- Empty weight: 16,024 lb (7,268 kg)
- Loaded weight: 22,648 lb (10,273 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 27,116 lb (12,300 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney J57-P-8, -8A or -8B turbojet
- Dry thrust: 10,200 lbf (45 kN)
- Thrust with afterburner: 16,000 lbf (71 kN)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 722 mph (627 kn, 1,200 km/h)
- Range: 700 mi (610 nmi, 1,100 km) combat
- Ferry range: 1,200 mi (1,040 nmi, 1,900 km)
- Service ceiling: 55,000 ft (17,000 m)
- Rate of climb: 18,300 ft/min (93.3 m/s)
- Wing loading: 41 lb/ft² (198 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.71
Armament
- Guns: 4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Mk 12-0 cannons, two (2) each just aft of wing leading edge, mid-wing, underside, with 65 rounds/gun
- Rockets:
- 6 pods of 7 × 2.75 in (70 mm) unguided rockets or
- 4 pods of 19 × 2.75 in (70 mm) unguided rockets
- Missiles: 2 × AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles
- Bombs: 2 × 2,000 lb (907 kg) bombs
Avionics
- APQ-50A radar
- Aero 13F fire-control radar
See also
Related development
- Douglas F5D Skylancer
Comparable aircraft
- Chance Vought F7U Cutlass
- Grumman F-9 Cougar
- Grumman F-11 Tiger
- North American FJ Fury
Related lists
- List of fighter aircraft
- List of military aircraft of the United States
- List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)
References
- Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Angelluci 1987, p. 92.
- ↑ Angelluci 1987, p. 91.
- ↑ Gunston 1981, p. 67.
- ↑ Gunston 1981, p. 70.
- ↑ "Collier Trophy awards." National Aeronautic Association. Retrieved: 27 February 2008.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gunston 1981, p. 73.
- ↑ "F4D-1." Museum of Naval Aviation. Retrieved: 27 February 2008.
- ↑ Pima Air and Space Museum, F4D-1 Retrieved: 27 February 2008.
- ↑ "F-4D-1 Skyray." Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum. Retrieved: 29 February 2008.
- ↑ "Rare Douglas F4D-1 Skyray on Display." Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 13 June 2010.
- ↑ "Aviation Heritage Park." aero-web.org. Retrieved: 13 June 2010.
- Bibliography
- Angelucci, Enzo. The American Fighter. Sparkford, Somerset ,UK: Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. ISBN 0-85429-635-2.
- Green, William and Gerald Pollinger. The Aircraft of the World. London: Macdonald, 1955.
- Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. ISBN 0-85059-463-4.
- Posey, Carl. "Beautiful Climber". Air & Space June-July 2006.
- Williams, Nick and Steve Ginter. Douglas F4D Skyray, Naval Fighters no. 13. Simi Valley, California: Ginter Books, 1986. ISBN 0-942612-13-4.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Douglas F4D Skyray." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
- Winchester, Jim. Fighter - The World's Finest Combat Aircraft - 1913 to the Present Day. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-7607-7957-0.
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