List of Governors of Alabama

Governor
Standard of the Governor of Alabama.svg
Standard of the Governor of Alabama
Incumbent
Bob Riley
since January 20, 2003
Style The Honorable
Residence Alabama Governor's Mansion
Term length four years, maximum two terms
Inaugural holder William Wyatt Bibb
Formation December 14, 1819
Deputy James E. Folsom, Jr.
Salary $112,895 (2009)[1]
Website http://www.governor.state.al.us

The Governor of Alabama is the head of the executive branch of Alabama's government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[2]

There have officially been 52 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors.[3] In addition, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 57, spread over 62 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms: Bibb Graves, James E. Folsom, Sr., and Forrest H. "Fob" James each served two terms, and George Wallace served three. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity. The longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served twelve years over three terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement C. Clay. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and the third woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is Bob Riley, who took office on January 20, 2003; his term will expire on January 17, 2011.

Contents

Governors

Governor of the Territory of Alabama

For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory.

Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817 from Mississippi Territory. It had only one governor appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.

Picture Governor Took office Left office Appointed by
Portrait of a man facing the right. William Wyatt Bibb March 6, 1817[note 1] December 14, 1819 James Monroe

Governors of the State of Alabama

Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819. It seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861 and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861; there was no Union government in exile, so there was a single line of governors. Following the end of the American Civil War during Reconstruction, it was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.

The first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years.[5] This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years.[6] The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years,[7] but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves.[8] Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once.[9] The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election.[8]

The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868,[10] abolished in 1875,[11] and recreated in 1901.[12] According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor fully becomes governor.[13] Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor,[14] but the official listing includes these as full governors.[3] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.

Alabama was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had two Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 119 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 11th Governor of Alabama, and president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate
Thomas H. Watts, 18th Governor of Alabama, and Confederate States Attorney General
Rufus W. Cobb, 25th Governor of Alabama
B. B. Comer, 33rd Governor of Alabama
George Wallace, 45th Governor of Alabama
Jere Beasley, acting Governor of Alabama in 1972

      Democratic-Republican (3)       Democratic (44)       Independent (1)       Military (1)       Republican (4)
(above numbering includes military governor)[note 2]

#
[note 3]		 Governor Term start Term end Party Lt. Governor
[note 4]		 Terms
[note 5]
1   William Wyatt Bibb December 14, 1819 July 10, 1820 Democratic-
Republican		 None 1⁄2
[note 6]
2 Thomas Bibb July 10, 1820 November 9, 1821 Democratic-
Republican		 1⁄2
[note 7]
3 Israel Pickens November 9, 1821 November 25, 1825 Democratic-
Republican		 2
4 John Murphy November 25, 1825 November 25, 1829 Jackson
Democrat		 2
5 Gabriel Moore November 25, 1829 March 3, 1831 Jackson
Democrat		 1⁄2
[note 8]
6 Samuel B. Moore March 3, 1831 November 26, 1831 Democratic 1⁄2
[note 7]
7 John Gayle November 26, 1831 November 21, 1835 Democratic 2
8 Clement C. Clay November 21, 1835 July 17, 1837 Democratic 1⁄2
[note 8]
9 Hugh McVay July 17, 1837 November 30, 1837 Democratic 1⁄2
[note 7]
10 Arthur P. Bagby November 30, 1837 November 22, 1841 Democratic 2
11 Benjamin Fitzpatrick November 22, 1841 December 10, 1845 Democratic 2
12 Joshua L. Martin December 10, 1845 December 16, 1847 Independent 1
[note 9]
13 Reuben Chapman December 16, 1847 December 17, 1849 Democratic 1
14 Henry W. Collier December 17, 1849 December 20, 1853 Democratic 2
15 John A. Winston December 20, 1853 December 1, 1857 Democratic 2
16 Andrew B. Moore December 1, 1857 December 2, 1861 Democratic 2
17 John Gill Shorter December 2, 1861 December 1, 1863 Democratic 1
18 Thomas H. Watts December 1, 1863 May 1, 1865 Democratic 1⁄2
[note 10]
19 Lewis E. Parsons June 21, 1865 December 13, 1865 Democratic 1⁄2
[note 11]
20 Robert M. Patton December 13, 1865 July 24, 1868 Democratic 1
[note 12]
— Wager Swayne March 2, 1867 July 14, 1868 Military —
[note 13]
21 William H. Smith July 24, 1868 November 26, 1870 Republican None 1
[note 14]
  Andrew J. Applegate
[note 6]
22 Robert B. Lindsay November 26, 1870 November 17, 1872 Democratic Edward H. Moren 1
[note 14]
23 David P. Lewis November 17, 1872 November 24, 1874 Republican Alexander McKinstry 1
24 George S. Houston November 24, 1874 November 28, 1878 Democratic Robert F. Ligon 2
None
25 Rufus W. Cobb November 28, 1878 December 1, 1882 Democratic None 2
26 Edward A. O'Neal December 1, 1882 December 1, 1886 Democratic 2
27 Thomas Seay December 1, 1886 December 1, 1890 Democratic 2
28 Thomas G. Jones December 1, 1890 December 1, 1894 Democratic 2
29 William C. Oates December 1, 1894 December 1, 1896 Democratic 1
30 Joseph F. Johnston December 1, 1896 December 1, 1900 Democratic 2
— William D. Jelks December 1, 1900 December 26, 1900 Democratic 1⁄3
[note 15]
31 William J. Samford December 1, 1900 June 11, 1901 Democratic 1⁄3
[note 6]
32 William D. Jelks June 11, 1901 January 14, 1907 Democratic None 1 1⁄3
[note 16]
[note 17]
Russell M. Cunningham
— Russell M. Cunningham April 25, 1904 March 5, 1905 Democratic Acting as governor —
[note 18]
33 B. B. Comer January 14, 1907 January 17, 1911 Democratic Henry B. Gray 1
34 Emmet O'Neal January 17, 1911 January 18, 1915 Democratic Walter D. Seed, Sr. 1
35 Charles Henderson January 18, 1915 January 20, 1919 Democratic Thomas Kilby 1
36 Thomas Kilby January 20, 1919 January 15, 1923 Democratic Nathan Lee Miller 1
37 William W. Brandon January 15, 1923 January 17, 1927 Democratic Charles S. McDowell 1
— Charles S. McDowell July 10, 1924 July 11, 1924 Democratic Acting as governor —
[note 19]
38 Bibb Graves January 17, 1927 January 19, 1931 Democratic William C. Davis 1
39 Benjamin M. Miller January 19, 1931 January 14, 1935 Democratic Hugh D. Merrill 1
38 Bibb Graves January 14, 1935 January 17, 1939 Democratic Thomas E. Knight[note 6] 1
40 Frank M. Dixon January 17, 1939 January 19, 1943 Democratic Albert A. Carmichael 1
41 Chauncey Sparks January 19, 1943 January 20, 1947 Democratic Leven H. Ellis 1
42 James E. Folsom, Sr. January 20, 1947 January 15, 1951 Democratic James C. Inzer 1
43 Gordon Persons January 15, 1951 January 17, 1955 Democratic James Allen 1
42 James E. Folsom, Sr. January 17, 1955 January 19, 1959 Democratic William G. Hardwick 1
44 John Patterson January 19, 1959 January 14, 1963 Democratic Albert Boutwell 1
45 George Wallace January 14, 1963 January 16, 1967 Democratic James Allen 1
46 Lurleen Wallace January 16, 1967 May 7, 1968 Democratic Albert Brewer 1⁄2
[note 6]
[note 20]
47 Albert Brewer May 7, 1968 January 18, 1971 Democratic vacant 1⁄2
[note 21]
[note 20]
45 George Wallace January 18, 1971 January 15, 1979 Democratic Jere Beasley 2
— Jere Beasley June 5, 1972 July 7, 1972 Democratic Acting as governor —
[note 22]
48 Forrest H. "Fob" James Jr. January 15, 1979 January 17, 1983 Democratic George McMillan 1
45 George Wallace January 17, 1983 January 19, 1987 Democratic Bill Baxley 1
49 H. Guy Hunt January 19, 1987 April 22, 1993 Republican James E. Folsom, Jr.[note 23] 1 1⁄2
[note 24]
50 James E. Folsom, Jr. April 22, 1993 January 16, 1995 Democratic vacant 1⁄2
[note 21]
48 Forrest H. "Fob" James Jr. January 16, 1995 January 18, 1999 Republican Don Siegelman
[note 23]		 1
51 Don Siegelman January 18, 1999 January 20, 2003 Democratic Steve Windom
[note 25]		 1
52 Bob Riley January 20, 2003 Incumbent Republican Lucy Baxley
[note 23]		 2
[note 26]
James E. Folsom, Jr.[note 23]

Other high offices held

Twenty of Alabama's governors have served higher federal or confederate offices. All but three were elected to the U.S. Congress, although one of those represented only Georgia and two were refused their seat by the U.S. Senate shortly after the American Civil War, because Alabama had not yet been reconstructed. Of the other three, two were members of the Provisional Confederate Congress, and one was the Confederate States Attorney General. One governor served as Minister to Russia. Two governors (marked with *) resigned to take seats in the U.S. Senate, and two (marked with †) resigned their current positions to take office as governor.

All representatives and senators listed represented Alabama except where noted.

Governor Gubernatorial term U.S. House U.S. Senate Other offices held Sources
Bibb, William WyattWilliam Wyatt Bibb 1817–1820 — — U.S. Representative and Senator† from Georgia [25][26]
Pickens, IsraelIsrael Pickens 1821–1825 — S U.S. Representative from North Carolina [27]
Murphy, JohnJohn Murphy 1825–1829 H — [28]
Moore, GabrielGabriel Moore 1829–1831 H S* [29]
Gayle, JohnJohn Gayle 1831–1835 H — [30]
Clay, Clement ComerClement Comer Clay 1835–1837 H S* [31]
Bagby, Arthur P.Arthur P. Bagby 1837–1841 — S U.S. Minister to Russia [32]
Fitzpatrick, BenjaminBenjamin Fitzpatrick 1841–1845 — S President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate [33]
Martin, Joshua L.Joshua L. Martin 1845–1847 H — [34]
Chapman, ReubenReuben Chapman 1847–1849 H — [35]
Winston, John A.John A. Winston 1853–1857 — — Elected to the U.S. Senate but was refused his seat [36]
Shorter, John GillJohn Gill Shorter 1861–1863 — — Provisional Confederate Deputy† [37][38]
Watts, Thomas H.Thomas H. Watts 1863–1865 — — Confederate States Attorney General [39]
Parsons, Lewis E.Lewis E. Parsons 1865 — — Elected to the U.S. Senate but was refused his seat [17]
Lewis, David P.David P. Lewis 1872–1874 — — Provisional Confederate Deputy [17]
Houston, George S.George S. Houston 1874–1878 H S [40]
Johnston, Joseph F.Joseph F. Johnston 1896–1900 — S [41]
Samford, William J.William J. Samford 1900–1901 H — [42]
Comer, B. B.B. B. Comer 1907–1911 — S [43]
Riley, BobBob Riley 2003–present H — [44]

Living former governors

As of August 2010, six former governors were alive. The most recent death of a former governor was that of H. Guy Hunt (1987–1993), who died on January 30, 2009.

Governor Term of office Date of birth
John Patterson 1959–1963 September 27, 1921 (1921-09-27) (age 89)
Albert Brewer 1968–1971 October 26, 1928 (1928-10-26) (age 82)
Jere Beasley 1972 (acting) December 12, 1935 (1935-12-12) (age 75)
Forrest H. "Fob" James Jr. 1979–1983,
1995–1999		 September 15, 1934 (1934-09-15) (age 76)
James E. Folsom, Jr. 1993–1995 May 14, 1949 (1949-05-14) (age 61)
Don Siegelman 1999–2003 February 24, 1946 (1946-02-24) (age 64)

Notes

  1. ↑ Records are scarce as to when Bibb was actually appointed. The territory was formed on March 3, 1817, but he was appointed by President James Monroe, who did not take office until the next day. Other resources indicate that other major appointments for the territory were made on March 6, 1817.[4]
  2. ↑ The official numbering consists of three Democratic-Republicans, 44 Democrats, one Independent, and four Republicans. The military governor is officially omitted, but included in the key to avoid confusion. Four additional Democratic terms and one Republican term were held by repeat governors. Four Democrats served as acting governor in times when the governor was out of state; one went on to become governor himself.
  3. ↑ Repeat governors are officially numbered only once; subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicized.
  4. ↑ The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in the 1868 constitution,[10] abolished in the 1875 Constitution,[11] and recreated in the 1901 Constitution.[12] Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  5. ↑ The fractional terms of some governors are not to be understood absolutely literally; rather, they are meant to show single terms during which multiple governors served, due to resignations, deaths and the like.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Died in office
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 As president of the state senate, filled unexpired term
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate
  9. ↑ Martin was a Democrat who opposed party leaders and ran as an independent.[15]
  10. ↑ Arrested by Union forces soon after the American Civil War ended; was released a few weeks later[16]
  11. ↑ Provisional governor appointed by the Union occupation; between Watts's arrest and Parsons's appointment, Alabama had no governor, instead being under direct rule of General George Henry Thomas[17]
  12. ↑ The U.S. Congress stripped Patton of most of his authority in March 1867, after which time the state was effectively under the control of Major General Wager Swayne.[18]
  13. ↑ Military governor appointed during Reconstruction; though Patton was still officially governor, he was mostly a figurehead. The term start date given is the date of the first Reconstruction Act, which placed Alabama into the Third Military District; all references only say "March 1867"[18] and "when the Reconstruction Acts were passed".[19] The term end is also ambiguous, but it is assumed Swayne lost power when Alabama was readmitted to the Union.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Robert Lindsay was sworn in to office on November 26, 1870, but William H. Smith refused to leave his seat for two weeks, claiming Lindsay was fraudulently elected, finally leaving office on December 8, 1870, when a court so ordered.[20]
  15. ↑ Acting governor for 26 days. Jelks was president of the state senate when Governor Samford was out of state at the start of his term seeking medical treatment.[21]
  16. ↑ As president of the state senate, filled unexpired term, and was subsequently elected in his own right
  17. ↑ The 1901 constitution increased term lengths from two to four years; Jelks' first term was filling out Samford's two-year term, and he was elected in 1902 for a four-year term.
  18. ↑ Acting governor for nearly a year. Cunningham was lieutenant governor when Governor Jelks was out of state for medical treatment.[22]
  19. ↑ Acting governor for two days. McDowell was lieutenant governor when Governor Brandon was out of state for 21 days as a delegate for the 1924 Democratic National Convention.[3]
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Governor Lurleen Wallace left the state for 20 days for medical treatment; as lieutenant governor, Albert Brewer became acting governor on July 25, 1967. Wallace returned to the state later that day.[3][23]
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 As lieutenant governor, filled unexpired term
  22. ↑ Acting governor for 32 days. Beasley was lieutenant governor when Governor George Wallace spent 52 days in Maryland for medical treatment following an assassination attempt while campaigning for President of the United States.[3]
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Represented the Democratic Party
  24. ↑ Removed from office upon being convicted of illegally using campaign and inaugural funds to pay personal debts; he was later pardoned by the state parole board based on innocence[24]
  25. ↑ Represented the Republican Party
  26. ↑ Governor Riley's second term expires on January 17, 2011; he is term limited.

References

General
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ↑ "Governor Salary". Tuscaloosa News. April 5, 2003. http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20090405/NEWS/904059973. Retrieved April 30, 2010. 
  2. ↑ AL Const. art. V
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Alabama Governors". Alabama Department of Archives and History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/govslist.html. Retrieved July 3, 2008. 
  4. ↑ Shearer, Benjamin. The Uniting States – The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States, Volume 1: Alabama to Kentucky. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 41. http://books.google.com/books?id=tdB0wx9WsgEC&pg=PP1&pg=PA41. Retrieved August 2, 2010. 
  5. ↑ 1819 Const. art. IV, § 4
  6. ↑ 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
  7. ↑ AL Const. art. V, § 114
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 AL Const. art. V, § 116
  9. ↑ AL Const. amendment 282
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 1868 Const. art. V, § 1
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 1875 Const. art. V, § 1
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 AL Const. art. V, § 112
  13. ↑ AL Const. art. V, § 127
  14. ↑ 1819 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1861 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1865 Const. art V, § 19; 1868 Const. art. V, § 15; 1875 Const. art. V § 15
  15. ↑ "Alabama Governor Joshua Lanier Martin". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=8f2b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  16. ↑ "Alabama Governor Thomas Hill Watts". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ab1a8e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Alabama Governor Lewis Eliphalet Parsons". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=fd3b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Alabama Governor Robert Miller Patton". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=7c0b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  19. ↑ "Alabama Governor Robert Patton". Alabama Department of Archives & History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_patton.html. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  20. ↑ White, James Terry (1900). The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. James T. White & Company. p. 435. http://books.google.com/books?id=tt4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA435&dq=robert+lindsay+1870&ei=whGRR-P8IYSsiwG_gNW0Bw. Retrieved January 18, 2008. 
  21. ↑ "Alabama Governor William Jelks". Alabama Department of Archives & History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_jelksw.html. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  22. ↑ "Alabama Governor Russell Cunningham". Alabama Department of Archives & History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_cunnin.html. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  23. ↑ Owen, Thomas McAdory (1979). Alabama Official and Statistical Register. Alabama Department of Archives & History. p. 17. http://books.google.com/books?ei=k_7eSMvdJZqmigG0tMlF&id=lrIuAAAAIAAJ&dq=alabama+acting+governor+brewer+lurleen+wallace&q=brewer&pgis=1#search. Retrieved September 28, 2008. 
  24. ↑ Nossiter, Adam (June 12, 1997). "Ex-Gov. Hunt of Alabama Cleared by Pardon Board". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE5D71F3CF931A25755C0A961958260. Retrieved September 28, 2008. 
  25. ↑ "William Wyatt Bibb". Our Georgia History. http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/ogh/William_Wyatt_Bibb. Retrieved March 26, 2008. 
  26. ↑ "Bibb, William Wyatt". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000434. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  27. ↑ "Pickens, Israel". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000322. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  28. ↑ "Murphy, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001097. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  29. ↑ "Moore, Gabriel". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000898. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  30. ↑ "Gayle, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000106. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  31. ↑ "Clay, Clement Comer". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000481. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  32. ↑ "Alabama Governor Arthur Pendleton Bagby". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=6b2b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  33. ↑ "Fitzpatrick, Benjamin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000174. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  34. ↑ "Martin, Joshua Lanier". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000192. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  35. ↑ "Chapman, Reuben". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000316. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  36. ↑ "Alabama Governor John Anthony Winston". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b8e08e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  37. ↑ "Alabama Governor John Gill Shorter". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=d93b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  38. ↑ "Alabama Governor John Shorter". Alabama Department of Archives & History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_shorte.html. Retrieved March 26, 2008. 
  39. ↑ "Alabama Governor Thomas Hill Watts". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ab1a8e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  40. ↑ "Houston, George Smith". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000822. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  41. ↑ "Johnston, Joseph Forney". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000193. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  42. ↑ "Samford, William James". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000022. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  43. ↑ "Comer, Braxton Bragg". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000657. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 
  44. ↑ "Riley, Robert". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000258. Retrieved October 13, 2008. 

External links

Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Alabama
Standard of the Governor of Alabama.svg Governors
W. Bibb · T. Bibb · Pickens · Murphy · G. Moore · S. Moore · Gayle · Clay · McVay · Bagby · Fitzpatrick · Martin · Chapman · Collier · Winston · A. Moore · Shorter · Watts · Parsons · Patton · Swayne · Smith · Lindsay · Lewis · Houston · Cobb · E. A. O'Neal · Seay · T. Jones · Oates · Johnston · Samford · Jelks · Comer · E. O'Neal · Henderson · Kilby · Brandon · Graves · Miller · Graves · Dixon · Sparks · Folsom Sr. · Persons · Folsom Sr. · Patterson · G. Wallace · L. Wallace · Brewer · G. Wallace · James · G. Wallace · Hunt · Folsom Jr. · James · Siegelman · Riley · Bentley (elect)
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 State of Alabama
Montgomery (capital)
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