Pennsylvania State Capitol

Pennsylvania State Capitol
West side with grand staircase
Architectural style	Beaux-Arts, Renaissance Revival
Location	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
Client	Pennsylvania government
Owner	Pennsylvania government
Started	November 7, 1902
Completed	August 15, 1906
Inaugurated	October 4, 1906
Height	272 feet (83 m)[1]
Floor area	629,898 square feet (58,519.4 m2)[2]
Cost	$13 million
Architect	Joseph Miller Huston
State Capitol Building, Pennsylvania U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Added to NRHP: September 14, 1977 Designated NHL: September 20, 2006 NRHP Reference#: 77001162

The Hills Capitol (1822–1897)

The Pennsylvania State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and is in downtown Harrisburg. It was designed in 1902 in a Beaux-Arts style with Renaissance themes throughout. The capitol houses the chambers for the Pennsylvania General Assembly, made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate, and the Harrisburg chambers for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, as well as the offices of the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor. It is also the central building of the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex, which includes state government buildings in Harrisburg and throughout the rest of the state.

The seat of government for the state was originally in Philadelphia, then moved to Lancaster in 1799 and finally to Harrisburg in 1812. The current capitol, known as the Huston Capitol, is the third state capitol building to be built in Harrisburg. The first, the Hills Capitol, was destroyed in 1897 by a fire and the second, the Cobb Capitol, was left unfinished when funding was discontinued in 1899.

Joseph Miller Huston designed the current capitol, dedicated in 1906. After its completion, the capitol project was the subject of a graft scandal. The construction and subsequent furnishing cost three times more than the General Assembly had appropriated for the project. Huston and four others were convicted of graft in relation to costs of the total project.

The capitol is often referred to as a "palace of art" because of its many sculptures, murals and stained-glass windows, most of which use Pennsylvania themes or were made by Pennsylvanians.^[3] The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. Starting in 1982, restoration of the capitol has been ongoing.

History

William Penn formed the first government of the then-Province of Pennsylvania on October 28, 1682, in Chester, Pennsylvania.^[4] The government did not have a regular meeting place and often met in Quaker meeting houses or at private residences in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania's first state house, now known as Independence Hall, was built in Philadelphia starting in 1732 and was completed in 1753.^[5] With both the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the two predecessors of the United States Congress occupying Independence Hall from 1775 to 1783, the state legislature considered proposals for moving the seat of the state government. John Harris, Jr. offered to give 4 acres (1.6 ha) and 21 square perches (5,717 ft²; 531 m²) of land near the banks of the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania to the state, provided that it be eventually used as the site of the capital.^[3][6] Harris also laid out a city in 1785, near his plot of land, and named it in honor of his father. In 1799, the legislature voted to move the capital to Lancaster instead of Harrisburg, because of Lancaster's greater population.^[3][7]

Hills Capitol

The legislature voted in 1810 to move the capital again, and moved the seat of government to Harrisburg in October 1812 onto the land given by Harris.^[8] An additional 10 acres (4.0 ha) was also purchased from United States Senator William Maclay.^[9] The legislature met in the old Dauphin County courthouse for the next decade until a new capitol was constructed.^[10] A competition was held to determine the design of the capitol starting in 1816, which "was the first formal contest for [designing] an American statehouse."^[11] The designs submitted, including one from William Strickland, were rejected as being too expensive. Another contest was started in January 1819. Of the seventeen designs submitted, two were selected as semifinalists. One was from Harrisburg architect Stephen Hills and the other was from the designer of the Washington Monument, Robert Mills; Hills' design was selected.^[12] Hills had designed a "red-brick, Federal-style" capitol to "architecturally represent the function of democratic government."^[3] Construction began on the Hills Capitol in 1819 and it was completed in 1822. The capitol's construction and subsequent furnishing was estimated to have cost $244,500 ($4.02 million in 2011 dollars).^[13][14] The Hills Capitol was visited by famous people, including the Marquis de Lafayette in 1825 and Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, (later King Edward VII) in 1860.^[15] Abraham Lincoln visited the capitol twice, once in 1861 as president-elect, and, again in 1865, to lie in state after his assassination.^[16] Pennsylvania's collection of Civil War battle flags, which were accumulated in 1866, was moved from the State Arsenal to the second floor of the capitol in 1872.^[17] The flags were moved, again, in 1895 to the Executive, Library and Museum Building.^[18] On February 2, 1897, around noon, smoke was discovered coming from the Lieutenant Governor's office. By early evening, the Hills Capitol had been reduced to a "smoldering mass of debris".^[19]

Cobb Capitol

The Cobb Capitol (1899–1902)

After the destruction of the Hills Capitol, the now "homeless" legislature moved to a nearby Methodist Church.^[20] It soon came under pressure to move the capital to Pittsburgh or back to Philadelphia and quickly appropriated monies to build a new capitol in Harrisburg.^[21][22] Governor Daniel H. Hastings opted for a pay-as-you-go policy to allow the construction costs to be spread over multiple annual budgets. Governor Hastings also figured that $550,000 ($14.5 million in 2011 dollars) was enough to build "a small legislative building" that could be added onto as needed over time.^[13][23] After building designs were submitted by various architects in another competition, Henry Ives Cobb was chosen in 1897 to design the new capitol. Construction of the Cobb Capitol began on May 2, 1898. The legislature met in the finished building, which they had deemed complete, even though it was an "unadorned, unfinished, several-story brown brick structure that looked like a factory", on January 3, 1899.^[21] Cobb himself described the building simply as "ugly" but believed that he would be able to finish it eventually, when more funding became available.^[21][24]

Huston Capitol

Governor William A. Stone appointed a new Capitol Building Commission in 1901. The commission then held another design competition, for Pennsylvania architects only, which prevented Cobb, a Chicagoan, from submitting a design or finishing his capitol.^[25] The Building Commission also stipulated that parts of the unfinished, current capitol were to be used in the new capitol. The General Assembly had appropriated $4 million ($105 million in 2011 dollars) for the construction of the capitol. It did not limit the total amount to be used in furnishing the building. This caused problems after construction completion of the capitol.^[13][25] Joseph Miller Huston's design was chosen from among nine entries in the competition in January 1902. The competition was itself controversial. Philadelphia architect Addison Hutton was expelled from the AIA for submitting one of the nine entries.

The ground was broken for the Huston Capitol on November 2, 1902, but the cornerstone was not laid until May 5, 1904.^[26] Ownership of the capitol was handed over to the state government on August 15, 1906, and the Capitol Building Commission was dissolved.^[27]

Stereo card of President Roosevelt at the 1906 dedication of the Huston Capitol

Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker dedicated the new capitol on October 4, 1906. Former Governor Stone, who had become president of the Building Commission after leaving office, ceremoniously handed over the key to the capitol to Governor Pennypacker. President Theodore Roosevelt, who had arrived earlier that morning by a special train to deliver a speech and tour the new capitol, declared it "the handsomest building I ever saw".^[28] The Pennsylvania, Northern Central, Reading, and Cumberland Valley railroads each ran special trains to accommodate the crowds traveling to and from Harrisburg for the dedication.^[29]

Although the building was completed, the majority of the artwork in and around the capitol would not be completed for another two decades. The murals in the rotunda were not installed until 1908 and the sculptures outside the entrance to the capitol were dedicated on October 4, 1911.^[30] The collection of Civil War flags were removed from the Executive, Library and Museum Building. After a parade and a ceremony, they were installed in glass display cases in the capitol rotunda on June 14, 1914.^[31] The decoration of the capitol was completed on May 23, 1927, when the murals in the Supreme Court Chambers were unveiled.^[32]

Graft scandal

William H. Berry was elected in 1906, shortly after the dedication, to the office of State Treasurer on a reform "fusion ticket". Berry was the only Democrat elected to a statewide office from 1895 to 1934. His successful campaign was deemed by Governor Pennypacker to be "one of those freaks of ill fortune".^[33] Berry began investigating the costs of the capitol project and brought its $13 million ($317 million in 2011 after inflation) pricetag to the attention of the public.^[13] Part of the reason for the discrepancy was Pennsylvania's "over-elaborate" and sometimes "unintelligible" method of "ordering and purchasing supplies, equipment [and] furnishings, commonly called the 'per-foot rule' ".^[34][35] Because the methods of measuring under the "per-foot rule" were not rigorously enforced, furnishing could be, intentionally, overpriced by the supplier. For example, a flagpole erected on the capitol roof was priced at $850; Berry estimated the value of the pole to have been only $150.^[36] Other expenses included $1,619 for a $125 bootblack stand and $3,257 for a $325 "mahogany case in the Senate barber shop."^[37]

Pennypacker tried to demonstrate that costs associated with the capitol were reasonable in comparison with similar notable structures. He pointed out that the United States Capitol cost $18 million ($423 million after inflation), but had "fifty-five less [rooms] than the Capitol at Harrisburg."^[13][38] Pennypacker also showed how the New York State Capitol had cost $24 million ($564 million after inflation), and was still unfinished.^[13][38] After an investigation, a total of five people, including Huston, were convicted, on December 8, 1908, and sentenced to two years in prison for "conspiring with State officials to defraud the State in the erection and furnishing of the capitol."^[39][40] The Superintendent of Public Ground and Buildings James Shumaker and Auditor General William P. Snyder were also convicted. Former United States Representative Henry B. Cassel was charged but was later acquitted of any wrongdoing. Among the convicted, John H. Sanderson and William L. Mathues died before going to prison.^[40]

Brunner plan

Skyline of Harrisburg from the Susquehanna River, with the capitol dome in the center

From 1912 to 1917, the state acquired all of the 541 separate properties that made up the Eighth Ward east of the capitol. The Eighth Ward was situated between the capitol and a set of railroad tracks, then owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[41] Arnold Brunner was hired in 1916 to develop new accommodations for state government, which had already outgrown the capitol.^[42] He introduced his plan in 1920, which called, first, for the demolition of the Eighth Ward.^[43] Brunner planned two office buildings behind the capitol, the North and South Office Buildings, and these were separated by a courtyard he called the People's Court. The South Office Building was completed in 1921. The leveling of the Eighth Ward was finished in 1925.^[41]

Although Brunner died on February 14, 1925, elements of his plans were still completed, except for his People's Court, which became a parking lot.^[44] Brunner planned a bridge to cross the railroad tracks and connect the capitol with the highest point in the city at 13th Street.^[45] Brunner had also originally planned to have another bridge span the Susquehanna River, on the west side of the capitol. After his death, parts of the bridge were redesigned and became the current State Street Bridge, which was completed in 1930. The Education Building, or Forum Building, was completed in 1931.^[46]

Restoration and preservation

The capitol was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1977. In 1982, the Capitol Preservation Committee (CPC) was created "to supervise and coordinate the historic preservation of the State Capitol Building".^[47] One of the CPC's first projects was the preservation of the 390 Civil War flags and 22 flags from the Spanish–American War, which had sat undisturbed since being placed in the rotunda in 1914.^[48] Between 1985 and 1987, scaffolding was erected in the rotunda and the murals removed for restoration.^[49] The statue atop the capitol dome was removed for restoration via helicopter in the summer of 1998, returning in September of the same year.^[50] It was decided to restore the Senate Chamber after it was flooded with 26,000 gallons (98,000 l; 22,000 imp gal) of water on February 14, 1999.^[51] The capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark on September 20, 2006, during its centennial.^[52]

Exterior

The Burden of Life: The Broken Law outside of the capitol, to the right of the front entrance

The capitol is 520 feet (160 m) long and 272 feet (83 m) tall.^[1] It is 254 feet (77 m) wide at its center wing and its two side wings are 212 feet (65 m).^[1] The facade of the capitol is constructed out of granite from Hardwick, Vermont.^[53] The 94-foot (29 m) diameter capitol dome is topped by the gilded brass statue of Commonwealth by Roland Hinton Perry. Standing 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) tall atop a 4-foot (1.2 m) diameter ball, the statue is the personification of a commonwealth.^[54] The dome itself weighs 26,000 short tons (24,000 t) and was architecturally inspired by St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.^[1][55]

Huston designed the large bronze doors at the capitol's main entrance. They were modeled by sculptor Otto Jahnsen and were both cast in one piece using the lost wax method of casting by the Henry Bonnard Bronze Company.^[56] The doors are decorated with scenes from the history of Pennsylvania, such as the arrival of William Penn and his peace treaty with the Lenape. Busts of people who were important in the construction of the capitol, like Governor Pennypacker, Boies Penrose, and Matthew Quay, decorate the edges of the doors.^[57] The bust of Huston hides the doors' keyhole. The entrance is flanked by two sculptures, entitled Love and Labor: The Unbroken Law and The Burden of Life: The Broken Law. Both were sculpted out of Carrara marble from models created by George Grey Barnard in 1909.^[58]

Grounds

The Pennsylvania Capitol Grounds, officially the Capitol Park, comprises 45 acres (18 ha) and 26.4 square perches (7,187 ft²; 668 m²).^[41] The grounds are bounded by North Street on the north, 7th Street on the east, Walnut Street on the south and 3rd Street on the west. Arnold Brunner designed the layout of the grounds, which originally totaled only 15 acres (6.1 ha) from the land Harris and Maclay gave to the state. The remaining 29 acres (12 ha) were added when the state bought the Eighth Ward.

A 64-foot (20 m) monument, dedicated to the citizens of Pennsylvania who died in the Mexican–American War, was built in 1858. The monument was not placed onto the grounds until 1868 and was moved to the southeast corner of the grounds in 1893, when the Executive, Library and Museum Building was built.^[59] In 1896–97, a monument, dedicated to former governor John F. Hartranft, was sculpted by Frederick Ruckstull. The 26-foot (7.9 m) monument was unveiled on May 18, 1899, and was placed in front of the capitol. It was moved, in 1927, in front of the Executive, Library and Museum Building.^[59] Friends of Penrose in the General Assembly, who had died in 1921, passed legislation for a memorial to Penrose. The 16-foot (4.9 m) monument was dedicated on September 23, 1930, and is located near the corner of North 3rd and Walnut Streets.^[59]

Interior

Congressman John E. Peterson, Interior Secretary Gale Norton and Governor Ed Rendell in front of the grand staircase

The Pennsylvania State Capitol houses the chambers for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, the Pennsylvania Senate, and the Harrisburg chambers for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Capitol contains 475 rooms and has four floors, not including a mezzanine between the first and second floors, and a basement.^[60] The bronze entrance doors of the capitol lead into the rotunda on the first floor with the grand staircase in the center. The staircase in the rotunda is an imperial staircase, similar to the one in the Palais Garnier in Paris, France.^[26] The staircase leads to the mezzanine between the first and second floors, before splitting into two staircases leading to the second floor. Edwin Austin Abbey painted four allegorical medallions around the base of the capitol dome, detailing the "four forces of civilization": Art, Justice, Science, and Religion. Four lunette murals were also painted by Abbey and "symbolize Pennsylvania's spiritual and industrial contributions to modern civilization".^[30] The lunettes are situated in the recesses of each arch in the rotunda. The rotunda is paved with tiles, hand-crafted by Henry Chapman Mercer, from the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works.^[61] Mercer produced 1,600 square feet (150 m²) of tile, which includes "377 mosaics, representing 254 scenes, artifacts, animals, birds, fish, insects, industries and workers from Pennsylvania history".^[61]

The interior of the capitol dome. The four medallions are visible, as well as the Spirit of Light (right) and the Spirit of Vulcan (left) lunette murals.

The lower house of the bicameral General Assembly, the House of Representatives, has 203 members, elected for a term of 2 years, and presided over by the Speaker of the House. The House Chamber, or Hall of the House, is the largest of the three chambers at 90 feet (27 m) wide and 120 feet (37 m) long.^[62] It is located on the south side of the rotunda. The House Chamber was designed with an Italian Renaissance theme.^[26] William B. Van Ingen created the fourteen circular, stained-glass windows in the House Chamber, and Abbey painted its five murals.^[63] The largest of the murals is situated behind the Speaker's rostrum. Called the Apotheosis of Pennsylvania, it depicts 28 famous Pennsylvanians.^[a][64]

The Senate is the upper house of the state legislature and has 50 members, elected to 4-year terms. The Senate is presided over by the President of the Senate, who is also the Lieutenant Governor. The 95-by-80-foot (29 by 24 m) Senate Chamber, or Hall of the Senate, is the second-largest chamber and was designed with a French Renaissance theme.^[26][65] It is located on the north side of the rotunda, opposite the House. Violet Oakley painted the murals in the Senate Chamber. Ingen also made 10 stained-glass windows for the Senate Chamber.^[63] Both the House and Senate Chambers are on the second floor, each with an entrance on the third and fourth floors leading to a press gallery.^[66]

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the court of last resort in the Commonwealth. The Supreme Court Chamber, officially the Supreme and Superior Court Chamber, was designed using Greek and Roman themes.^[26] It is located on the fourth floor of the capitol, on the east side of the rotunda. The Supreme Court Chamber is the smallest of the three chambers at 42 by 72 feet (13 by 22 m).^[67] Oakley painted the 16 murals in the "Supreme Courtroom" to depict the history of law.^[68] A stained-glass dome, designed by Pennsylvania native Alfred Godwin, is in the center of the ceiling.^[67]

Capitol Complex

The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex includes the buildings owned by Commonwealth, which are controlled by the Pennsylvania Department of General Services, and are centered around the capitol in Harrisburg.^[69]

The oldest building in the complex is the Executive, Library and Museum Building. Situated next to the Hills Capitol and the Huston Capitol, it was built in 1894. It was designated the Matthew J. Ryan Legislative Office Building on June 14, 1999, in recognition of former Speaker Matthew J. Ryan.^[70] The Ryan Office Building is the oldest building in the complex and was originally designed to house the State Library and State Museum of Pennsylvania, as well as the Governor's Office and Reception Room. Today it houses the offices of the members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.^[43]

The seven-story North and South Office Buildings are situated behind the capitol and overlook the East Wing.^[71] The State Museum and State Archives buildings were constructed in 1964. A 640-by-320-foot (200 by 98 m) addition, called the East Wing, was dedicated on December 2, 1987.^[72] The East Wing replaced the decades-old parking lot and fulfilled Brunner's plan of a People's Court. It was built partially underground, such that the tallest point on the East Wing barely reaches the first floor of the capitol.^[72]

The East Wing of the Pennsylvania Capitol (1987), with the 1906 Capitol behind, as seen in October 2008

See also

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
• List of state capitols in the United States
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania

Notes

References

Sources

• "$125 Bootblack Stand for $1,919". The New York Times: p. 3. March 26, 1907. 
• Barton, Michael; Jessica Dorman (2002). Harrisburg's old eighth ward. The Making of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. ISBN 073852378X. 
• Beers, Paul B (1969). "Harrisburg: Pennsylvania's Capital City". Historic Pennsylvania Leaflet #9 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission). 
• Caffin, Charles Henry (1906). Handbook of the New Capitol of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Mount Pleasant Press. http://books.google.com/?id=HSUpAAAAYAAJ. 
• Colson, William Wyman (1906). The state capitol of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Telegraph Printing Company. 
• "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2008". Minneapolis: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. http://www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/teacher/calc/hist1800.cfm. Retrieved July 17, 2009. 
• Ellis, Christopher R (January 16, 2006). "Pennsylvania State Capitol Building" (PDF). National Historic Landmark Nomination. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/pa/PA%20Capitol.pdf. Retrieved June 12, 2009. 
• Goldberger, Paul (October 8, 1989). "A Bit of Old Athens on the Susquehanna". The New York Times. 
• "Graft sentences upheld" (PDF). The New York Times: p. 2. March 8, 1910. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D07E7DB1430E233A2575BC0A9659C946196D6CF. Retrieved November 18, 2009. 
• Hitchcock, Henry Russell; William Seale (1976). Temples of Democracy: The State Capitols of the U.S.A. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. 
• "Huston goes to prison" (PDF). The New York Times: p. 1. May 24, 1911. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&res=9B02EFD81439E333A25757C2A9639C946096D6CF. Retrieved November 18, 2009. 
• Millard, Julian (1936). "First Capitol Buildings". Harrisburg: Historic American Buildings Survey. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hh:@field(DOCID+@lit(PA0394)). Retrieved December 7, 2008. 
• Inglewoord, Marian (1925). Then and Now in Harrisburg. Harrisburg: Minnie I Etzweiler. 
• Pennsylvania Attorney General (1907). Report and Official Opinions of the Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg Publishing. http://books.google.com/?id=HagWAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 
• Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee (2006). Literature in Stone: The Hundred Year History of Pennsylvania's State Capitol. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee. ISBN 0964304880. 
• Pennsylvania General Assembly (1982). "House Bill 2577". Harrisburg: State of Pennsylvania. http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/billinfo.cfm?syear=1981&sind=0&body=H&type=B&bn=2577. Retrieved July 19, 2009. 
• Pennsylvania General Assembly (1999). "Senate Bill 1000". Harrisburg: State of Pennsylvania. http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/billinfo.cfm?syear=1999&sind=0&body=S&type=B&bn=1000. Retrieved July 7, 2009. 
• Pennsylvania Manual. 117. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. 2006. 
• Pennypacker, Samuel W (1911). The Desecration and Profanation of the Pennsylvania Capitol. Philadelphia: William J. Campbell. 
• Price, Matlack (April 1923). "Capitol Park, Harrisburg, PA: Arnold W. Brunner, Architect". Architectural Record 53 (295): 287–306. ISSN 0003-858X. 
• Sauer, Richard A (1987). Advance the Colors!: Pennsylvania Civil War Battle Flags. 1. Capitol Preservation Committee. ISBN 0818200901. 
• "The Capitol" (PDF). Pennsylvania House of Representatives. http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitol.pdf. Retrieved June 12, 2009. 

External links

• Pennsylvania State Capitol

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