Burlington, Vermont

Burlington, Vermont
—  City  —
Burlington, Mount Mansfield and Lake Champlain
Nickname(s): Queen City of Vermont
Location in Vermont
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Vermont
County Chittenden
Settled 1783
Organized (town) 1785
Incorporated (city) 1865
Government
 - Mayor Bob Kiss (P)[1]
Area
 - City 15.5 sq mi (40.1 km2)
 - Land 10.6 sq mi (27.4 km2)
 - Water 4.9 sq mi (12.7 km2)
Elevation 200 ft (61 m)
Population (2000)[2][3]
 - City 38,889
 - Density 3,682.0/sq mi (1,421.6/km2)
 - Urban 105,683 (2,007)
 - Metro 198,889
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code 05401-05403, 05405-05408
Area code(s) 802
FIPS code 50-10675[2]
GNIS feature ID 1456663[4]
Website www.ci.burlington.vt.us

Burlington, with a population of 38,889 at the 2000 census, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the shire town (county seat)[5] of Chittenden County.[6] The city is the hub of one of the nation's smaller metropolitan areas, and is also the smallest U.S. city to be the largest city in its state. The urbanized area consists of the cities of Burlington, South Burlington, and Winooski; the towns of Colchester, Essex, and Williston; and the village of Essex Junction.

As of 2000, the Burlington-South Burlington metropolitan area contained the three northwestern Vermont counties of Chittenden, Franklin, and Grand Isle, with an estimated 2006 population of 206,007, approximately one third of Vermont's total population.[7][8]

Contents

Etymology

Some believe Burlington was named after Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Others assert that the name honors the politically prominent and wealthy Burling family of New York. While no family members are listed as grantees of this town, the family held large tracts of land in other nearby towns, some of which were granted on the same day as Burlington.[9]

History

Church Street in 1907

One of the New Hampshire grants, it was awarded by Governor Benning Wentworth on July 7, 1763 to Samuel Willis and 63 others.[10] In the summer of 1775, land clearing began and two or three log huts were erected, but the Revolution delayed permanent settlement until 1783, when Stephen Lawrence arrived with his family. The town was organized in 1785.[10]

The Church Street Marketplace in 2008, from almost the same position

The War of 1812 was unpopular in Vermont. Along with the rest of New England, Vermont did not provide militia units or financial support – a serious blow to the cause. Vermont voted for the Federalist party, which opposed the war.[11] Nevertheless, 5,000 troops were stationed there at one point during the War of 1812, outnumbering residents; ca 500 of them died of disease.[12] Some soldiers were quartered in the main building at the University of Vermont. A memorial plaque commemorates them.[13]

Burlington from the lake in 1858
The Van Ness House, built 1870, once the largest hotel in Burlington

In a skirmish on August 2, 1813, the British shelled Burlington. This has either been cited as a bold stroke by the British with an ineffectual response from the Americans, or a weak sally by the British, properly ignored by the Americans, depending on who related the story. The cannonade lasted for about ten minutes and did not affect the outcome of the war. The American side was commanded by Naval Lieutenant Thomas MacDonough, later hero of the Battle of Lake Champlain.[11]

The town's position on Lake Champlain helped it develop into a port of entry and center for trade, particularly after completion of the Champlain Canal in 1823, the Erie Canal in 1825, and the Chambly Canal in 1843. Wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington Railroad and Vermont Central Railroad. Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center, and incorporated as a city in 1865. Its Victorian era prosperity left behind much fine architecture, including buildings by Ammi B. Young, H. H. Richardson and McKim, Mead & White. The city was a filming location for Me, Myself & Irene (2000) and What Lies Beneath (2000).

In 1870, the waterfront was extended by construction of the Pine Street Barge Canal.[14] This became polluted over the years and is a focus for cleanup in 2009.[15]

The ice cream enterprise Ben & Jerry's was founded here in 1978 in a renovated gas station.

Current U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders was the Socialist mayor of Burlington from 1981 to 1989.

In 2007, the city was named one of the top four "places to watch" in the United States by the AARP.[16] Ratings were based on what was perceived as ideal for older residents. Criteria included what makes a community livable: new urbanism, smart growth, mixed-use development, and easy-living standards.

In 2010, the city-owned Burlington Telecom cable provider was unable to pay the city of Burlington $17 million it owed. As a result, Moody's downrated the debt for the city two notches to A2, "upper medium" from Aa3, "high quality." Moody's also downrated the credit rating for Burlington International Airport.[17]

Geography

Lake Champlain from the Burlington wharves
Burlington
Climate chart ()
J F M A M J J A S O N D
 
 
2.2
 
27
9
 
 
1.7
 
29
11
 
 
2.3
 
40
22
 
 
2.9
 
53
34
 
 
3.3
 
68
45
 
 
3.4
 
77
55
 
 
4
 
81
60
 
 
4
 
78
58
 
 
3.8
 
69
50
 
 
3.1
 
56
39
 
 
3.1
 
44
30
 
 
2.2
 
32
17
average max. and min. temperatures in °F
precipitation totals in inches
source: NOAA [18]

The city is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, north of Shelburne Bay. It was built on a strip of land extending about 6 miles (9.7 km) south from the mouth of the Winooski River along the lake shore and rises from the water's edge to a height of 300 feet (91 m).[19]

Climate

Burlington has a humid continental climate (Koppen Dfb), with cold winters and warm, humid summers. Fall and spring are transition seasons in between. From January to July, highs range from 26 to 82 °F (-3 to 28 °C), and lows 8 to 61 °F (-13 to 16 °C).[20] The annual precipitation of 36.1 inches (917 mm) is well-distributed throughout the year, but the summer months are the wettest. The city's location east of Lake Champlain sometimes accounts for localized snow squalls, producing up to 13 inches (33 cm) in 12 hours on rare occasions.[21]. Annual snowfall is usually large, averaging 81 inches (206 cm), but this figure often varies widely.

Extremes have ranged from −30 °F (−34 °C) on January 15, 1957 and February 12, 1979 to 101 °F (38 °C) on August 11, 1944.[20] The most snowfall from a single storm is 33.1 inches (84.1 cm), which fell January 2–3, 2010.[22]

For the Northeast United States, a heat wave is defined as having three consecutive days of 90 °F (32 °C) or more. There were six heat waves from 2000-2009.[23]

Demographics

Noon hour at the Queen City Mill, 1909, photograph by Lewis Hine
Historical populations
Year Pop.  %±
1990 39,127 —
2000 38,889 −0.6%
2009 38,647 −0.6%
"American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. 

As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 38,889 people, 15,885 households, and 7,052 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,682.0 people per square mile (1,421.9/km²). There were 16,395 housing units at an average density of 1,552.3 per square mile (599.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.27% White, 1.78% Black or African American, 0.47% Native American, 2.65% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.

There were 15,885 households out of which 21.3% had children under the living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 55.6% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the city the population was spread out with 16.3% under the , 25.4% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.

At the 2005-2007 American Community Survey Estimates, the city's population was 94.4% White (91.1% non-Hispanic White alone), 3.5% Black or African American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.0% Asian, 1.0% from some other race and 1.7% from two or more races. 2.4% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[25]

Economy

One measure of economic activity is retail sales. Burlington was fifth in the state in 2007 with $242.2 million.[26]

Personal income

As of the census of 2000,[2] the median income for a household in the city was $33,070, and the median income for a family was $46,012. Males had a median income of $30,144 versus $25,270 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,011. About 10.4% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.4% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

There were 4,989 single-family owner-occupied homes. Their median value was $131,200.[27]

Industry

Burlington's economy is based mostly on education and health services; trade, transportation and utilities. There is some manufacturing. The largest employer in the city proper is Fletcher Allen Health Care and The University of Vermont (employing 4086 and 3137 people, respectively).[28]

Corporate headquarters located here include:Burton Snowboards, Bruegger's, Seventh Generation Inc., and Lake Champlain Chocolates. Downtown on Church Street is the Burlington Town Center mall with over 75 specialty shops and 15 national retailers.

Forbes magazine selected the city as one of the "prettiest" cities in 2009, featuring a picture of the Church Street Marketplace.[29]

The G.S. Blodgett Company, one of the oldest and largest commercial oven companies in the country, manufactures restaurant equipment. Its history dates back to the mid 1800s.

IDX Systems, now a division of General Electric, develops software for the healthcare industry and is headquartered in South Burlington. Vermont Teddy Bear Company whose founder started on a cart on a Burlington street, is now a publicly traded company that ships custom teddy bears worldwide.

General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products division employs 450 workers locally. A solely owned subsidiary, the division is based here.[30]

Retailing

Church Street Marketplace

The Church Street Marketplace, a four-block pedestrian mall in the heart of the city, is the site of festivals throughout the year. Events such as the South End Art Hop and public galleries such as The Firehouse Gallery and Pine Street Art Works, provide a forum for the visual arts. The American Planning Association named the Marketplace one of America's "Great Public Spaces" for 2008.[31]

Tourism

A Festival of Fools had an estimated 25,000 attendees at the Church Street Marketplace in 2009.[32] The Vermont Brewers Festival had 9,600 attendees in 2009.[32] The Giant Pumpkin Regatta and Festival had 5,000 attendees in 2009. In 2008, Saturday Night Live satirized the event.[32]

Real estate

In 2008, vacancy rates for office space reached 4.5%, high for the city but low compared to the surrounding suburbs.[33]

Social services

The HowardCenter, headquartered here, provides social services to state residents.

Competitiveness

Employment grew 2.8% from 2000–2006; the state grew by 7.5%. From 1980 to 2000, employment grew by 21%; up 34% in the state; nationally it was up 46%. Private employment grew by 22% from 1980–2000; it rose by less than 0.5% from 2000–2006. The poverty rate was 20% in 1999; nationally it was 12%. Real wages were $39,980 in 2006 constant dollars and remained there to 2010; the state was $33,385; the nation, $36,871.[34]

Government

Burlington has a city council-mayor form of government.[35] Democrats and the Progressive Party make up the majority of the council. Bob Kiss, the current mayor,[36] is a Progressive who was elected in 2006. The City Council has fourteen seats, which are currently occupied by seven Democrats, three Republicans(One seat from Ward 4 and both seats of Ward 7), two Progressives, and two Independents.[37] Peter Clavelle, Burlington's longest serving mayor, held that office from 1989 to 1993, and again from 1995 to 2006.

The large transient student population votes in local, as well as state and national elections, resulting in a considerable impact on local elections.[38] The city signed up 2,527 new voters in the six weeks from September 1, 2008. This is the highest number for that time frame in nine years or longer.[38]

The city was ranked "average" nationally in political involvement in 2008.[39]

The general fund for 2011, starting July 1, 2010, was $47.976 million.[40]

As a non-profit institution, The University of Vermont pays no real estate taxes, though like many other schools, it does make an annual payment in lieu of taxes. In 2007, the college agreed to raise this from $456,006 to $912,011 in 2010 plus a "public works" supplement rising from $180,040 to $191,004 over the same time frame.[41]

The city maintains three parks on Lake Champlain. One is free, while the other two have parking fees.

The city owns the local television cable. In 2008, cable management tried to drop Al-Jazeera from the lineup. This was successfully thwarted by protesters and the station was, in 2009, one of three "small cable operators" in the nation to carry this channel.[42][43]

Like many Vermont municipalities, Burlington owns its own power company, Burlington Electric Department. In 2009, the department announced that it would purchase 40% of the 40 MG Sheffield wind-generated electricity when it becomes available.[44]

In 2009, Moody's confirmed the city's bond rating at AA3, "high" quality, the second best rank.[45]

Health

Burlington is the home of Fletcher Allen Health Care, a tertiary referral hospital for Vermont and northern New York State, Level I Trauma Center, and teaching hospital.

In 2006, Burlington was rated the ninth-best city to live in. The criteria were health, quality of life, and fitness.[46] In 2007, it was rated 11th out of 100, for auto safety. The criteria were observing speed limits, accident infrequency, and seatbelt use.[47] In 2008 it was ranked second out of 100 for "greenest driving."[48] Criteria included gasoline consumption, and air quality. In 2008, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that Burlington is tops among U.S. metropolitan areas by having the largest proportion of people – 92 percent – who say they are in good or great health. The report went on to rate it best in exercise and lowest in obesity, diabetes, and other measures of ill health. In 2009, Children's Health Magazine rated Burlington the best city in the country to raise a family.Colletti, Jaclyn (2009-09-15). "The 100 Best (and Worst) Places to Raise a Family". Rodale, Inc.. http://www.childrenshealthmag.com/parents/The-best-and-worst-places-to-raise-a-family.php. Retrieved 2010-08-08.  In 2010, the government banned smoking within 25 feet (7.6 m) of the city's parks and recreational areas.[49]

Education

Public schools

The budget for 2009-10 is $49.9 million.[50] The increase in FY 2009 was a voter approved 9.9% above the prior year. The percentage increase was above the state average. This amount was exceeded by $750,000.[51]

In 2008, about 26% of city 3,600 students were minorities. This contrasts with the state where 96% of the population was white.[52]

Private Schools

Colleges

University of Vermont – Old Mill building
Champlain College

In this college town are located The University of Vermont (UVM), Burlington College, and Champlain College.

Religion

The episcopal see for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington is in Burlington. The conservative Ohavi Zedek synagogue is located here.

Culture and landmarks

Burlington has the largest public library in Vermont, the Carnegie Building of the Fletcher Free Library. In 2002, it had a budget of over $1 million, circulated more books, had more visitors, and had more computers, than any other library.[53] Unlike most libraries in Vermont, it is publicly owned. The building was originally endowed by Andrew Carnegie. It is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Burlington waterfront along the shore of Lake Champlain has bench swings and paths for walking and biking. It provides a place to view the Adirondacks. ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center,[54] housed in Vermont's first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certified Green Building, is located at the waterfront and harbors over seventy species of fish, amphibians, invertebrates, and reptiles.

Dragon boat races to benefit charity have been held in Lake Champlain in August since 2006.[55] In 2009, there were approximately 2,000 participants on 86 teams.[56]

There has been an annual First Night community celebration of the arts on New Year's Eve since 1982. Burlington was the fourth city to embrace this concept.[57]

Burlington's own drag troupe, the House of LeMay[58], performs several shows a year, hosts the annual "Winter is a Drag Ball,"[59] and raises funds for numerous charities. The House of LeMay is the subject of the documentary, "Slingbacks and Syrup" which premiered at the 2008 Vermont International Film Festival in Burlington.

The Emily Post Institute, an etiquette organization, is headquartered here.

Besides being the smallest U.S. city to be the largest city in its state, Burlington is also the home of the shortest "tallest building" in any of the 50 US states, Decker Towers.[60]

The five tallest buildings in Burlington are:[61]

  1. Decker Towers 124 ft (37.8 m) 11 Floors
  2. Burlington Square  ft (35 m) 8 Floors
  3. Westlake Residential 107.5 ft (33 m) 9 Floors
  4. Key Bank 105 ft (32 m) 8 Floors
  5. Cathedral Square 103.33 ft (31 m) 10 Floors
See also: List of tallest buildings in Burlington, Vermont

Local music

The city has, over the years, supported a number of local bands as various "scenes" waxed and waned, and has even launched a handful of national acts. The most famous of these is Phish, which originated at The University of Vermont circa 1983.

Other acts with ties to the city include Strangefolk, The Essex Green, RAQ, James Kochalka, The Jazz Mandolin Project, Pork Tornado, Anais Mitchell, Greg Davis, Koushik, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Crooked Still, Dispatch, Prydein, and KT Tunstall.

Media

Newspapers and other publications

Burlington is the media center of northern and central Vermont. It is served by the

Radio

Major radio stations that are based in Burlington and serve the region:

Television

There are four network-affiliated television stations in the city. They include WFFF channel 44 (Fox), WFFF's digital subchannel 44-2 (The CW), its sister station, WVNY channel 22 (ABC), WPTZ (NBC), and WCAX channel 3 (CBS). WCAX, WFFF, and WPTZ operate news departments. WCAX is the only Burlington-based news department, while WPTZ is based in Plattsburgh, New York with a bureau in nearby Colchester. WFFF and WVNY are also based in Colchester.

Comcast Communications is the city's major cable television service provider. Residents within the city limits are also served by municipally-owned Burlington Telecom.

These cable channels are Burlington based: VCAM-Channel 15,[65] RETN-Channel 16,[66] and Channel 17.[67]

Sports

Club Sport League Stadium
Vermont Lake Monsters Baseball Minor league baseball; Class A (Short Season) Centennial Field
Vermont Frost Heaves (shared with Barre) Basketball Premier Basketball League Memorial Auditorium

Barre Auditorium
University of Vermont Catamounts College Ice Hockey Hockey East Gutterson Field House

The Vermont Lake Monsters, a Class A short-season (June to September) minor league baseball team, were formerly the Vermont Expos baseball club of the New York – Penn League (The team changed its name in 2007 after its parent Major League Baseball club, the Montreal Expos of the National League, moved from Montreal to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Nationals). The Lake Monsters play on the campus of the University of Vermont at Centennial Field.

The professional basketball franchise, the Vermont Frost Heaves, plays half of their season in the city. The team, which originally was part of the American Basketball Association (not to be confused with the 1970s-era major basketball league of the same name that merged with the National Basketball Association), moved to the Premier Basketball League in 2008 and splits their regular-season home games between Burlington and Barre. The Frost Heaves, owned by Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff, play their Burlington games at the Memorial Auditorium, on South Union Street, at the corner of Main.

The University of Vermont's men's hockey team, the Catamounts, play their home games at the 4,000-seat Gutterson Field House on the UVM campus..

There is also a rugby union team, the Burlington RFC.

Daniel W. Fish, a former member of the Air Force's Wings of Blue, was the first person to obtain a permit and skydive in the city of Burlington.

The Vermont City Marathon has drawn thousands of competitors annually.[68]

A local Golden Gloves boxing tournament has been held annually since 1946.[69]

Infrastructure

The city has its own electric utility.

The city has municipal fiber broadband, which provides telephone, broadband internet, and television.[70]

Transportation

Burlington is the central focus of the Chittenden County Transportation Authority, providing bus service to and from the surrounding communities (and the shopping districts of South Burlington and Williston). Burlington is also the headquarters of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company with seasonal service provided between Burlington's King Street ferry terminal and Port Kent, New York.

Air carriers at Burlington International Airport provide the area with commercial service to major regional hubs and international airports. Although carriers do not offer scheduled commercial flights to destinations outside the United States, there is a Customs Port of Entry for unscheduled flights.[71]

Greyhound provides intercity bus service from a depot south of downtown to other communities in Vermont as well as to Montreal's Gare d'autocars de Montreal, Boston's South Station and Logan International Airport, while Amtrak rail service stops in the nearby village of Essex Junction.

Major routes

Burlington is served by one major Interstate highway (along with its spur route into the southern part of the city), and is at the junction of two U.S. highways. Several Vermont state highways also provide routes into and through the Burlington area.

Because Burlington is located on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain at one of the lake's widest points there are several ferry crossings in the area.

Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Vermont

Burlington is twinned with:

Sites of interest

Aerial view of Burlington.

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ Mayor's Office
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  3. ↑ Burlington, VT Urbanized Area, United States Census Bureau, 2008 [?]. Accessed 2009-01-07.
  4. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  5. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  6. ↑ Title 24, Part I, Chapter 1, §5, Vermont Statutes. Accessed 2007-11-01.
  7. ↑ US Government Census
  8. ↑ Annual Population Estimates 2000 to 2007
  9. ↑ Swift, Esther Munroe (1977) Vermont Place-Names (ISBN 0-8289-0291-7), page 165
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 A. J. Coolidge & J. B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England; Boston, Massachusetts 1859
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Johnson, Tim (July 29, 2007). 1812:A look back a Burlington's 20-minute war. Burlington Free Press.  page 4A
  12. ↑ Logan, Lee (July 8, 2007). Grant may help Burlington reclaim War of 1812 heritage. Burlington Free Press. 
  13. ↑ [1]
  14. ↑ Pine Street Barge Canal
  15. ↑ Evaluation of Pine Street Canal
  16. ↑ http://www.rismedia.com/wp/2007-07-23/aarp-the-magazine-announces-top-five-places-to-live-and-retire retrieved on July 24, 2007
  17. ↑ Briggs, John (10 August 2010). "Burns leaving Burlington Telecom". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 1A, 5A. http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20100810/NEWS02/100810012/Burns-leaving-Burlington-Telecom. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/vt/431081.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
  19. ↑ Maptech MapServer II
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Average Weather for Burlington, VT - Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USVT0033. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
  21. ↑ http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/ams/AMS%20VP/Storm%20Conference/NESC%20Presentations/32ndNESC_Presentation/Abstracts/Payer.pdf
  22. ↑ John Curran (2010-01-04). "'Tremendous' Snow Hits Northeast; Cold Grips South". Associated Press. sphere.com. http://www.sphere.com/nation/article/tremendous-snow-hits-northeast-cold-grips-south/19302247?icid=main. 
  23. ↑ NOAA
  24. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Burlington". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/Burlington_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-24. 
  25. ↑ [2]
  26. ↑ McLean, Dan (July 13, 2008). Retail Sales by the numbers. Burlington Free Press. 
  27. ↑ [3]
  28. ↑ Burlington: Economy - Major Industries and Commercial Activity
  29. ↑ [4] retrieved February 3, 2009
  30. ↑ McLean, Dan (November 21, 2008). General Dynamics buys Michigan company. Burlington Free Press. 
  31. ↑ Briggs, John (October 9, 2008). Marketplace: 'Great Public Space'. Burlington Free Press. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Green, Susan (5 July 2010). "Festival Finances". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 1B, 10B. 
  33. ↑ McLean, Don (December 11, 2008). Vacant office space hits record high. Burlington Free Press. 
  34. ↑ Briggs, John (21 June 2010). "25 years of numbers". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 1B, 4B. 
  35. ↑ Burlington City Council
  36. ↑ Mayor Bob Kiss, Burlington. Accessed 2009-04-19.
  37. ↑ City Council Members, Burlington. Accessed 2009-04-19.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Editorial: Student voters add to ballot participation. Burlington Free Press. October 24, 2008. 
  39. ↑ Criteria included percentage registered to vote, percentage participating in most recent elections and campaign contributions Where We Play Politics. Men's Health. October 2008. 
  40. ↑ Briggs, John (28 June 2010). "Council to vote on budget". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 8A. 
  41. ↑ Johnson, Tim (September 29, 2007). City, UVM sign fees deal. Burlington Free Press. 
  42. ↑ [5]
  43. ↑ Surk, Barbara and Schreck, Adam, Associated Press (January 25, 2009). Al-Jazeera drew U.S. viewers to web for news. Burlington Free Press. 
  44. ↑ Lefebvre, Paul and Braithwaite, Chris (March 11, 2009). VEC wants wind power from both Sheffield and Lowell. the Chronicle. 
  45. ↑ "Burlington". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. 1 August 2009. pp. 9B. 
  46. ↑ "Best and Worst Cities for Men", Men's Health, January/February 2006, page 129
  47. ↑ "The Capitals of Crash", Men's Health, April 2007, page 86
  48. ↑ Driven to Extinction?. Men's Health. July/August 2008. 
  49. ↑ Ryan, Matt (12 July 2010). "City's beaches, parks, fields are affected". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 6A. 
  50. ↑ Burlington School District website
  51. ↑ Walsh, Molly (29 June 2009). "Schools stuck in deficit". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 7A. 
  52. ↑ Walsh, Molly (October 31, 2008). Schools hire director of diversity. Burlington Free Press. 
  53. ↑ Libraries on the rise. Burlington Free Press. July 25, 2008. 
  54. ↑ ECHO=Ecology, Culture, History and Opportunity
  55. ↑ Dragon boats fill the waters off Burlington. Burlington Free Press. August 6, 2007. 
  56. ↑ "Dragon hearts". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. 30 July 2009. pp. Weekend/17. 
  57. ↑ [6]
  58. ↑ The Babes of Beaver Pond, Cathy Resmer, Seven Days, February 7, 2006.
  59. ↑ Slideshow: Winter is a Drag Ball 2009, Seven Days, February 16, 2009.
  60. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_U.S._state
  61. ↑ http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20100907/NEWS02/100906009/Burlington-high-rise-gets-facelift]
  62. ↑ http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage retrieved July 30, 2007
  63. ↑ http://www.sevendaysvt.com/masthead.html retrieved July 30, 2007
  64. ↑ http://www.vermontbiz.com Vermont Business Magazine
  65. ↑ Vermont Community Access Television
  66. ↑ Retn.org
  67. ↑ Channel 17
  68. ↑ KeyBank VT City Marathon: General Information
  69. ↑ Donoghue, Mike (January 25, 2009). Boxers battle at Memorial. Burlington Free Press. 
  70. ↑ Burlington Telecom. "About Burlington Telecom". Burlington Telecom. http://www.burlingtontelecom.net/about_us/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-25. 
  71. ↑ Port Of Entry – Burlington International Airport
  72. ↑ Baird, Joel Banner (10 June 2010). "Planners propose US 2 realignment". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 2C. 
  73. ↑ "::Bethlehem Municipality::". www.bethlehem-city.org. http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php. Retrieved 2009-10-10. 
  74. ↑ City of Burlington: Moss Point Relief Timeline. In the fall of 2005, the city decided to help out Moss Point which was devastated by Hurricane Katrina, and held a concert called Hurricane Benefete to raise money.
  75. ↑ Ethan Allen Homestead Museum
  76. ↑ Chittenden County Historical Society & Museum
  77. ↑ Echo Lake Aquarium & Science Center
  78. ↑ Fleming Museum, University of Vermont
  79. ↑ Flynn Center for the Performing Arts
  80. ↑ Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues, Mark W. Gordon, American Jewish History 84.1 (1996) 11-27

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