1691

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century – 17th century – 18th century
Decades:	1660s 1670s 1680s – 1690s – 1700s 1710s 1720s
Years:	1688 1689 1690 – 1691 – 1692 1693 1694

1691 in topic:
Subjects: Archaeology – Architecture –
Art – Literature – Music – Science
Leaders: State leaders – Colonial governors
Category: Establishments – Disestablishments
Births – Deaths – Works

Year 1691 (MDCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar).

1 Events of 1691
2 Births
3 Deaths

Events of 1691

January–June

March 5 – Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.
March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion: A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after a standoff of several hours.
March 29 – The Siege of Mons ends in the city’s surrender.
April 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.
May 6 – The Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 xuetas in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason.
June – Ahmed II (1691–1695) succeeds Suleiman II (1687–1691) as emperor of the Ottoman Empire.

July–December

12 July – Pope Innocent XII succeeds Pope Alexander VIII as the 242nd pope.
12 July – Battle of Aughrim: Williamite troops defeat the Jacobites in Ireland.
3 October – The Treaty of Limerick, which guarantees civil rights to Catholics, is signed. (It was broken "before the ink was dry")
22 October William III of England opens Parliament of England

Undated

**1691 in other calendars**
Gregorian calendar	1691 MDCXCI
Ab urbe condita	2444
Armenian calendar	1140 ԹՎ ՌՃԽ
Bahá'í calendar	-153 – -152
Bengali calendar	1098
Berber calendar	2641
Buddhist calendar	2235
Burmese calendar	1053
Byzantine calendar	7199 – 7200
Chinese calendar	庚午年十二月初三日 (4327/4387-12-3) — to — 辛未年十一月十三日 (4328/4388-11-13)
Coptic calendar	1407 – 1408
Ethiopian calendar	1683 – 1684
Hebrew calendar	5451 – 5452
Hindu calendars
- Bikram Samwat	1747 – 1748
- Shaka Samvat	1613 – 1614
- Kali Yuga	4792 – 4793
Holocene calendar	11691
Iranian calendar	1069 – 1070
Islamic calendar	1102 – 1103
Japanese calendar	Genroku 4 (元禄4年)
Korean calendar	4024
Thai solar calendar	2234

Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
In New England the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.
The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing dynasty.

Ongoing events

Nine Years' War (1688–1697).
Great Turkish War (1662–1699).

Births

February 27 – Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (d. 1754)
April 5 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768)
April 9 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (d. 1761)
June 17 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765)
August 25 – Alessandro Galilei, architect and mathematician (d. 1736)
September 29 – Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (d. 1781)
October 1 – Arthur Onslow, English politician (d 1768)
October 28 – Peder Tordenskjold, Norwegian naval hero (d. 1720)

Deaths

January 13 – George Fox, English founder of the Society of Friends (b. 1624)
January 17 – Richard Lower, English physician (b. 1631)
February 1 – Pope Alexander VIII (b. 1610)
April 3 – Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1607)
May 11 – Colonel John Birch, English soldier (b. 1615)
May 16 – Jacob Leisler, German-born American colonist (b. 1640)
May 23 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer (b. 1622)
May 29 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1629)
June 23 – Suleiman II, Sultan, Ottoman Empire (b. 1642)
July 12 – Marquis de St Ruth (killed at the Battle of Aughrim)
July 16 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (b. 1641)
July 30 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar (b. 1639)
August 14 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, Irish rebel (b. 1630)
September 12 – John George III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1647)
October 9 – William Sacheverell, English statesman (b. 1638)
October 10 – Isaac de Benserade, French poet (b. 1613)
November 14 – Tosa Mitsuoki, Japanese painter (b. 1617)
November 15 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (b. 1620)
December 8 – Richard Baxter, English clergyman (b. 1615)
December 31 – Robert Boyle, Irish chemist who formulated Boyle's Law, which states that under conditions of constant temperature, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional (b. 1627)
probable – Elizabeth Polwheele, English playwright (b. c. 1651)