Rochdale

Rochdale
Rochdale Town Hall & 7 Sisters.jpg
Rochdale Town Hall with the "Seven Sisters" towerblocks behind
Rochdale is located in Greater Manchester
Rochdale

 Rochdale shown within Greater Manchester
Population 95,796 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference SD893130
    - London  169 mi (272 km) SSE 
Metropolitan borough Rochdale
Metropolitan county Greater Manchester
Region North West
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town ROCHDALE
Postcode district OL11, OL12, OL16
Dialling code 01706
Police Greater Manchester
Fire Greater Manchester
Ambulance North West
EU Parliament North West England
UK Parliament Rochdale
List of places: UK • England • Greater Manchester

Rochdale is a large market town in Greater Manchester, England.[1] It lies amongst the foothills of the Pennines on the River Roch, 5.3 miles (8.5 km) north-northwest of Oldham, and 9.8 miles (15.8 km) north-northeast of the city of Manchester. Rochdale is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, of which Rochdale is the largest settlement and administrative centre. Rochdale has a total population of 95,796 and the wider borough, 206,500.

Historically a part of Lancashire, Rochdale's recorded history begins with an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 under Recedham Manor. The ancient parish of Rochdale was a division of the hundred of Salford and one of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England comprising several townships. By 1251, Rochdale had become important enough to have been granted a Royal charter. Subsequently, Rochdale flourished into a centre of northern England's woollen trade, and by the early 18th century was described as being "remarkable for many wealthy merchants".[2]

Rochdale rose to prominence during the 19th century as a major mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns.[3] The Rochdale Canal—one of the major navigable broad canals of the United Kingdom—was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton, wool, coal to and from the area. The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdale's textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status and it remained a dominant settlement in its region.[3] However, during the 20th century Rochdale's spinning capacity declined towards an eventual halt.[3]

Rochdale today is a predominantly residential town. Rochdale Town Hall—a Grade I listed building—dates from 1871 and is one of the United Kingdom's finest examples of Victorian Gothic revival architecture.[4] Rochdale is the birthplace of the Co-operative Movement.[5] The Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society, founded in 1844, was the first modern cooperative; the Rochdale Principles are a set of ideals for cooperatives.

Contents

History

Toponymy

Rochdale seems to be named for its position on the River Roch at the edge of the Pennines. But the Domesday Book records the name as Recedham, formed from Old English reced "hall", and ham "homestead". The name of the river is a back-formation from this Old English name. With time, the town's name changed to Rachedale and eventually Rochdale.[6] The name of the river Roch is pronounced /ˈroʊtʃ/, with a long o. The name of the town, however, is pronounced /ˈrɒtʃdeɪl/, with a short o.

Early history

Arrow Mill is a former cotton mill and Grade II listed building in Castleton, Greater Manchester

A Roman road, leading from Mamucium (Manchester) to (Eboracum) York, traversed the outlying moors of Rochdale.[7]

During the Danelaw, Rochdale was frequented by incursions upon the Saxons by the Danes. Initially penetrating the area, the Saxons overthrew the Danes. A castle, from which Castleton has its name, but of which there are no traces, was one of the twelve Saxon forts probably destroyed in the frequent conflicts that occurred between the Saxons and Danes in the 10th and 11th centuries.[7]

Rochdale appears in the Domesday Book under the name of Recedham Manor, and was part of the hundred of Salfordshire. Ownership of the manor belonged to The Crown in 1399, and continued so until it was purchased by John Byron, 1st Baron Byron in 1638. It was eventually sold by the poet Lord Byron in 1823, when it passed to the Dearden family, who still hold the title. In earlier medieval times, Rochdale had been an important market town, with weekly markets held from the 13th century, and an annual fair. The market was held outside the parish church, and had a long-standing "Orator's Corner". The local reformer and Rochdale Member of Parliament, John Bright spoke in the town about Anti-Corn Law reform.

Industrial Revolution and cotton

Rochdale was among the world's most productive cotton spinning towns.[3] It rose to prominence during the 19th century as a major mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns.[3] The Rochdale Canal—one of the major navigable broad canals of the United Kingdom—was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton, wool, coal to and from the area. The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdale's textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status and it remained a dominant settlement in its region.[3] However, during the 20th century Rochdale's spinning capacity declined towards an eventual halt.[3]

Governance

Civic history

Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Rochdale was recorded in 1066 as held by Gamel, one of the twenty-one thegns of the Hundred of Salfordshire.[8]

The coat of arms of the former Municipal, and later County Borough of Rochdale council, granted 20 February 1857. The arms incorporate references to Rochdale's early industries and lords.[9]

The ancient ecclesiastical parish of Rochdale was originally divided in to four townships: Butterworth, Castleton, Hundersfield and Spotland.[8] Hundersfield was later divided into four townships: Blatchinworth, Calderbrook, Wardleworth and Wuerdle and Wardle.[8] Excluding the large chapelry of Saddleworth, which lay entirely in Yorkshire, the parish of Rochdale had an area of 65.4 square miles (169.4 km2).[8]

There is no certain evidence that the town of Rochdale became a borough during the Middle Ages.[1]

In 1825 commissioners for the social and economic improvement of the town of Rochdale were established.[1] The town was made part of a parliamentary borough, in 1832, though it was in 1856 when Rochdale was incorporated as a municipal borough, giving it borough status in the United Kingdom,[1] and in 1858 the borough council obtained the powers of the improvement commissioners.[1] In 1872 the remaining area of Wardleworth township and parts of Castleton, Wuerdle and Wardle, Spotland and Butterworth townships were added to the Borough of Rochdale.[1]

When the administrative county of Lancashire was created by the Local Government Act 1888, Rochdale was elevated to become the County Borough of Rochdale and was effectively a unitary authority area exempt from the administration of Lancashire County Council.[1] In 1900 most of Castleton Urban District was added to the borough; this urban district had included parts of Castleton, Hopwood and Thornham townships. In 1933 parts of Norden Urban District and Birtle with Bamford civil parish were added to the borough.[1] Since 1953 Rochdale has been twinned with Bielefeld in Germany and since 1956 with Tourcoing in France.[10] Under the Local Government Act 1972, the town's autonomous county borough status was abolished. The Municipal Boroughs of Middleton and Heywood, along with the Littleborough, Milnrow and Wardle Urban Districts; are now part of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, one of the ten metropolitan boroughs belonging to the Metropolitan County of Greater Manchester.[1]

Parliamentary representation

Rochdale was one of the constituencies created by the Reform Act of 1832.

It was held for two decades of the 20th century by Cyril Smith, first of the Liberal Party and then of the Liberal Democrats.

Currently the town is represented in Parliament by Simon Danczuk MP, a member of the Labour Party.

Geography

Rochdale lies in the wide valley of the River Roch

At (53.6136, -2.161), and 169 miles (272 km) north-northwest of London, Rochdale stands about 150 feet (46 m) above sea level, 9.8 miles (15.8 km) north-northeast of Manchester city centre, in the valley of the River Roch. Blackstone Edge, Saddleworth Moor and the South Pennines are close to the east, whilst on all other sides, Rochdale is bound by smaller towns, including Whitworth, Littleborough, Milnrow, Royton, Heywood and Shaw and Crompton, with little or no green space between them. Rochdale experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.

Rochdale's built environment consists of a mixture of infrastructure, housing types and commercial buildings from a number of periods. Rochdale's housing stock is mixed, but has a significant amount of stone or red-brick terraced houses from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rochdale's Town Hall, seven large tower blocks and a number of former cotton mills mark the town's skyline. The urban structure of Rochdale is regular when compared to most towns in England, its form restricted in places by its hilly upland terrain. Much of Rochdale's built environment is centred around a central business district in the town centre, which is the local centre of commerce.

Neighbouring towns, villages and places.
Norden Whitworth Littleborough
Heywood Milnrow
   Rochdale    
Middleton Royton Shaw and Crompton

There is a mixture of high-density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Rochdale, but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban. For purposes of the Office for National Statistics, it forms the fifth largest settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area,[11] the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation. The M62 motorway passes to the south and southwest of Rochdale. Two heavy rail lines enter Rochdale from the east, joining at Rochdale railway station before continuing southwards to the city of Manchester.

Divisions and suburbs

Areas and suburbs of Rochdale
Ashworth · Balderstone · Bamford · Belfield · Buckley · Buersil · Burnedge · Caldershaw · Castleton · Cronkeyshaw · Cutgate · Deeplish · Falinge · Fieldhouse · Foxholes · Halfacre · Hamer · Healey · Hurstead · Kirkholt · Lowerfold · Lowerplace · Marland · Meanwood · Newbold · Nook Farm · Norden · Oakenrod · Oulder Hill · Passmonds · Prickshaw · Rooley Moor · Shawclough · Smallbridge · Smithy Bridge · Sparth Bottom · Spotland · Sudden · Syke · Thornham · Turf Hill · Wardleworth

Demography

As of the 2001 UK census, Rochdale had a population of 95,796. The 2001 population density was 11,186 inhabitants per square mile (4,319 /km2), with a 100 to 94.4 female-to-male ratio.[12] Of those over 16 years old, 28.2% were single (never married), 44.0% married, and 8.8% divorced.[13] Rochdale's 37,730 households included 30.4% one-person, 36.6% married couples living together, 8.4% were co-habiting couples, and 11.1% single parents with their children.[14] Of those aged 16–74, 37.1% had no academic qualifications, similar to the figure for all of Rochdale, but higher than that of 28.9% in all of England.[15][16] Rochdale has the highest number of Jobseeker's Allowance claimants in Greater Manchester, with 6.1 per cent of its adult population claiming the benefit in early 2010.[17]

Rochdale compared
2001 UK census Rochdale[18] Rochdale MB[19] England
Total population 95,796 205,357 49,138,831
White 78.7% 88.6% 91%
Asian 19.9% 9.8% 4.6%
Black 0.3% 0.3% 2.3%
Christian 62.7% 72.1% 71.7%
Muslim 19.1% 9.4% 3.1%
No religion 10.4% 10.8% 14.6%

Landmarks

Rochdale Town Hall

Rochdale Town Hall is a Victorian-era municipal building in Rochdale town centre.

Rochdale Town Hall is a Victorian-era municipal building in Rochdale town centre. It is "widely recognised as being one of the finest municipal buildings in the country",[20] and is rated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building. The Town Hall functions as the ceremonial headquarters of Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council and houses local government departments, including the borough's civil registration office.

Built in the Gothic Revival style at a cost of £160,000 (£11 million as of 2011),[21] it was inaugurated for the governance of the Municipal Borough of Rochdale on 27 September 1871. The architect, William Henry Crossland, was the winner of a competition held in 1864. Upon completion, the Town Hall had a 240-foot (73 m) clock tower topped by a wooden spire with a gilded statue of Saint George and the Dragon. The spire and statue were destroyed by fire on 10 April 1883, leaving the building without a spire for four years. A new 191-foot (58 m) stone clock tower and spire in the style of Manchester Town Hall was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, and erected in 1888 as a replacement.

Art critic Nikolaus Pevsner described the building as possessing a "rare picturesque beauty".[22] Its stained glass windows, some of which were designed by William Morris, are credited as "the finest modern examples of their kind".[20] The building came to the attention of Adolf Hitler who was said to have admired it so much that he wished to ship the building, brick-by-brick, to Nazi Germany had the United Kingdom been defeated in World War II.[23][24]

Parish church

St Chads Parish Church

From a hill, the Parish Church of St Chad directly overlooks the Town Hall. Some parts of the church date from Norman times. The town stocks (no longer in use) are in the churchyard.

War memorial

This monument, bearing four sculpted and painted flags, is opposite the town hall (to the north). It commemorates those who died in conflicts since the First World War (1914–1918). The monument and surrounding gardens were designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens.[25][26]

Transport

Rail and Metrolink

Demand for cross-Pennine trade (e.g. to support the local cotton, wool and silk industries) led to the building of George Stephenson's Summit Railway Tunnel and the Rochdale Canal (from Manchester to Yorkshire - re-opened in 2003 after years of neglect, including its division by a motorway). The Manchester and Leeds Railway opened a station, but the line passed about a mile south of the town centre. The station remains open, but much reduced from its heyday. Trains run south (to Manchester Victoria), east (to Halifax, Bradford and Leeds) and to Manchester Victoria via the Manchester to Rochdale via Oldham Line, (also known as the Oldham Loop). Rochdale is to be served by an extension of the Manchester Metrolink tram system, which would see the Oldham Loop converted from heavy rail to light rail. This extension was deferred in 2004 on grounds of cost. In July 2006, however, ministers approved plans for extension from Manchester Victoria as far as the planned Rochdale Rail Station stop just outside the station. The Oldham Loop line closed in October 2009 for work to start on this extension, which is expected to be complete in 2012. Approval for extension into Rochdale town centre, extended down Drake Street and terminating opposite Rochdale bus station, as well as into Oldham town centre was dependent on the rejected Transport Innovation Fund.

Bus

Rochdale Bus Station is located next to the Wheatsheaf Shopping Centre under a multi-storey car park. There are plans to demolish the bus station and move it across the road, where it would eventually link up with the Metrolink to provide a transport interchange.

There are frequent journeys running from Rochdale to Manchester on First Manchester's 17 service, via Middleton, or on the 24, via Royton and Chadderton, to Oldham and Ashton-under-Lyne on the 409, and to Bury and Bolton on the 471. There are also cross-county services into Lancashire and West Yorkshire. Rossendale Transport's 464 service runs buses to Rawtenstall and Accrington. First Calderdale & Huddersfield run three services from Rochdale. The 528 runs to Halifax via Ripponden, the 589 runs to Burnley via Todmorden and the 590 runs to Halifax via Todmorden.

Until 1969 the borough's bus service was provided by the municipal operator "Rochdale Corporation Transport". This was merged into the SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive undertaking.

Road

The M62 motorway passes to the south of the town. The motorway is accessed via the A627(M), which starts at Sandbrook Park in Rochdale and runs to Elk Mill in Royton, Oldham. The A627(M) provides drivers a quick access to the M62 and to Oldham.

Sports

Rochdale has two professional sports teams, Rochdale A.F.C. (football) and Rochdale Hornets (Rugby League), both playing their home games at the Spotland Stadium.

Rochdale AFC were founded in 1907 and joined the Football League in 1921 when the new Football League Third Division (north) was created. They have never played above the third tier of the English league divisional structure, and before their promotion at the end of the 2009/10 season (their first promotion since 1969), had played continuously in the Football League's lowest division since 1974. However, they did reach the Football League Cup final in 1962, which they lost to Norwich City.

Rochdale Hornets are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, making them one of the world's first rugby league teams.

The town is also home to non-league side football Rochdale Town. The town's main rugby union team is Rochdale R.U.F.C., who play in Bamford. There are two adult amateur football leagues: the Rochdale Online Alliance League and the Rochdale and District Sunday Football League.

There are a number of golf courses in the town, including Rochdale Golf Club, Marland Golf Club and Springfield Park Golf Club.[27] The town also has a substantial number of cricket clubs, most of which play in the Central Lancashire League.

Speedway racing was staged at the Athletic Grounds in the pioneer days of 1928–1930 and returned for a short spell at the start of the 1970s. The 1970s venture provided a home for the British League Division Two Belle Vue Aces juniors and the team was known as Rochdale Hornets. Peter Collins, who went on to win the 1976 World Championship and other honours, was the most famous Hornets rider.

Public services

Education

Hopwood Hall College is a further education college with a campus in Rochdale. The college mainly offers vocational courses for school leavers, as well as courses for adult learners and some higher education.

Rochdale Sixth Form College opens in September 2010, and will be the primary provider of A Level courses to school leavers in Rochdale and the wider Metropolitan Borough. This will mean that most (but not all) secondary schools in the area will not offer sixth form courses for new students.

Policing

Home Office policing in Rochdale is provided by the Greater Manchester Police and the "Rochdale Division" have their headquarters at Town Meadow, Rochdale adjacent to the Magistrate's Court. There is also a secondary smaller police station at Littleborough serving the east of the borough. Both Heywood and Middleton have their own respective police stations.

Fire and Rescue

Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, which has one station in the centre of Rochdale on Maclure Road.[28] Other fire stations are located at Littleborough and Heywood.

Healthcare

Emergency healthcare is provided by Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust (soon to be renamed as Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust in December 2010). The hospital trust operates four hospitals in the north manchester area, including the Rochdale Infirmary for the NHS. Patient transport is provided by the North West Ambulance Service.

The Rochdale Infirmary is now the only hospital serving Rochdale after the closure of Birch Hill Hospital in 2007 due to cost cutting. Birch Hill had occupied the former Rochdale Union Workhouse at Dearnley but the old hospital buildings were deemed too expensive to operate.[29] New facilities were established at Rochdale Infirmary as part of the town's healthcare restructure.

Primary Care services in Rochdale are povided by the Heywood, Middleton and Rochdale NHS Primary Care Trust.

Transport

Scout Moor Wind Farm, overlooking Rochdale below

Public transport is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive who are owners of Rochdale Bus Station and who provide many 'subsidised' bus routes in the Rochdale Area.

Waste Management

Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.[30]

Utilities

Rochdale's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities;[31] there are no power stations in the town, but a Wind farm exists on Scout Moor which consists of 26 turbines on the high moors between Rawtenstall and Rochdale. The wind farm generates 65MW of electricity.[32]

United Utilities also manages Rochdale's drinking and waste water;[31] water supplies are sourced from several local reservoirs, including Watergrove, Blackstone Edge and Piethorne in Rochdale's outlying moorland.[31]

Notable people

The 19th-century Lancashire dialect poet Edwin Waugh (1817–1890) was born and raised in the town. Amongst Rochdale's most notable historical residents are a number of musicians, including female singers Gracie Fields, Lisa Stansfield (born in Heywood) and Barb Jungr, and bands Autechre, Tractor, The Chameleons, The Mock Turtles and The Cassandra Complex. Good Charlotte drummer Dean Butterworth also hails from Rochdale. Broadcasters John Peel, Mark Chapman, Liz and Andy Kershaw also have links with the town, Peel having lived there for a period of time and the latter three having been born there. John Peel now has a blue plaque in Heywood for a studio he built there in conjunction with Chris Hewitt in the 1970s (unveiled September 2009). Rochdale can also boast a number of actors and actresses; Colin Baker, Anna Friel, Bill Oddie and the aforementioned Gracie Fields all were either born or bred in Rochdale. Don Estelle, who was born and raised in Crumpsall, Manchester, lived for much of his life in Rochdale and was buried there in August 2003.[33] The bestselling poet John Siddique was brought up in Rochdale and has referred to the town in several poems.

The footballer Earl Barrett, who played for clubs including Oldham Athletic, Aston Villa, Everton and Sheffield Wednesday between 1985 and 2000, was born at Rochdale in April 1967 to Jamaican immigrant parents.[34]

Rochdale also has a proud liberal political heritage, as shown by such people as John Bright, Samuel Bamford, Rev. Joseph Cooke and perhaps the town's most colourful export Cyril Smith.

Other notable residents of Rochdale include businessman and philanthropist Sir Peter Ogden, Nicholas Blincoe, a novelist, George Gordon Byron, Lord Byron of Rochdale, Joseph Smith, "the best steeplejack in the world", Monica Coghlan, a prostitute caught up in the Lord Archer scandal, Stefan Kiszko, a local man convicted wrongly of sexual assault, and Gillian Duffy, the pensioner who was described as a 'bigoted woman' by outgoing Prime Minister Gordon Brown during the 2010 Election campaign.[35]

Television

The BBC TV school drama Waterloo Road, which started in March 2006, is set in Rochdale, filmed at the former Hilltop Primary School in Kirkholt that closed in July 2005 after serving the local community for some 50 years. Most of the out-of-school scenes in the series are filmed around Rochdale, and many of the pupils homes seen on television are council houses in the Kirkholt area which were mostly built in the early postwar years.[36]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Greater Manchester Gazetteer". Greater Manchester County Record Office. Places names - O to R. http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzo2r.htm. Retrieved 9 July 2007. 
  2. ↑ Godman, Pam (1996). Images of England: Rochdale. ISBN 1-84588-173-7. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 McNeil, R. & Nevell, M (2000). A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester. Association for Industrial Archaeology. ISBN 0-9528930-3-7. 
  4. ↑ Cunningham, C (1981). Victorian & Edwardian Town Halls. London: Routeledge. 
  5. ↑ Rochdale - The Birthplace of Co-operation. Retrieved 1 January 2006.
  6. ↑ Mills, A.D.: A Dictionary of English Place Names, 2nd Edition, page 289, s.n. Rochdale. Oxford University Press, 1998
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lewis, Samuel (1848). A Topographical Dictionary of England; 'Rixton - Rochford'. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 679–686. ISBN 978-0-8063-1508-9. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Brownbill, J; William Farrer (1911). A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5. Victoria County History. pp. 187–201. ISBN 978-0-7129-1055-2. 
  9. ↑ R.D.W. Young (1998–2007). "Civic Heraldry of England and Wales - Greater Manchester". civicheraldry.co.uk. http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/great_man.html. Retrieved 2007-09-14. 
  10. ↑ "Town twinning". rochdale.gov.uk. http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/leisure_and_culture/libraries/town_twinning.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-01. 
  11. ↑ Office for National Statistics (2001). "Census 2001:Key Statistics for urban areas in the North; Map 3" (PDF). statistics.gov.uk. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_north_part_5.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-13. 
  12. ↑ "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Statistics.gov.uk. 7 February 2005. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&More=Y. Retrieved 25 April 2009. 
  13. ↑ "KS04 Marital status: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Statistics.gov.uk. 2 February 2005. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8276&More=Y. Retrieved 25 April 2009. 
  14. ↑ "KS20 Household composition: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Statistics.gov.uk. 2 February 2005. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8349&More=Y. 
  15. ↑ "KS13 Qualifications and students: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Statistics.gov.uk. 2 February 2005. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8326&More=Y. Retrieved 25 April 2009. 
  16. ↑ "Stockport Metropolitan Borough key statistics". Statistics.gov.uk. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276782&c=Stockport&d=13&e=16&g=354915&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1198230591093&enc=1.  Retrieved on 17 August 2008.
    •"Stockport Metropolitan Borough ethnic group data". Statistics.gov.uk. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276782&c=Stockport&d=13&e=16&g=354915&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1198230591109&enc=1&dsFamilyId=87.  Retrieved on 17 August 2008.
  17. ↑ MEN Business (March 17, 2010). "More unemployed and for longer". http://menmedia.co.uk/news/business/s/1200745_more_unemployed_and_for_longer. Retrieved 24 June 2010. 
  18. ↑ "KS06 Ethnic group: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Statistics.gov.uk. 25 January 2005. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8283&More=Y. Retrieved 25 April 2009. 
  19. ↑ "Rochdale Metropolitan Borough key statistics". Statistics.gov.uk. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276780&c=Rochdale&d=13&e=16&g=353557&i=1001x1003x1004&o=254&m=0&r=1&s=1240616573781&enc=1. Retrieved 25 April 2009. 
    •"Rochdale Metropolitan Borough ethnic group data". Statistics.gov.uk. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276780&c=Rochdale&d=13&e=16&g=353557&i=1001x1003x1004&o=254&m=0&r=1&s=1240616573812&enc=1&dsFamilyId=87. Retrieved 25 April 2009. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council N.D., p. 43
  21. ↑ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Measuring Worth: UK CPI.
  22. ↑ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, p. 59.
  23. ↑ "Amazing windows always a glass act". Rochdale Observer. rochdaleobserver.co.uk. 2006-10-07. http://www.rochdaleobserver.co.uk/community/nostalgia/s/518/518474_amazing_windows_always_a_glass_act.html. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
  24. ↑ "Preserving the Rochdale Reichstag". BBC News (news.bbc.co.uk). 2009-09-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8256000/8256689.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-16. 
  25. ↑ Rochdale Official Guide (3rd edition); Pyramid Press; London; 1952
  26. ↑ Hartwell, C., (2004), Buildings of South Lancashire, p. 595.
  27. ↑ Anon. "Rochdale Online Golf Directory". http://www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/community/A/846/golf/846. Retrieved 2007-12-24. 
  28. ↑ Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service. "My area: Rochdale". manchesterfire.gov.uk. http://www.manchesterfire.gov.uk/my-area/rochdale.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
  29. ↑ Higginbotham, Peter (2007-05-07). "Rochdale". workhouses.org.uk. http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Rochdale/Rochdale.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
  30. ↑ Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (2008). "Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA)". gmwda.gov.uk. http://www.gmwda.gov.uk/. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 United Utilities (2007-04-06). "Rochdale". unitedutilities.com. http://www.unitedutilities.com/?OBH=413&SCH=rochdale&ID=1416. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
  32. ↑ "Scout Moor Wind Farm". scoutmoorwindfarm.co.uk. http://www.scoutmoorwindfarm.co.uk/indexorig.html. Retrieved 2008-03-02. 
  33. ↑ Byrne, Michael (05 August 05 2003). "Farewell to screen star 'Lofty' Don". Rochdale Observer. http://www.rochdaleobserver.co.uk/news/s/333/333428_farewell_to_screen_star_lofty_don.html. Retrieved 13 April 2010. 
  34. ↑ http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/displayhero_club.asp?HeroID=38214
  35. ↑ " "Profile of Gillian Duffy, the voter PM called 'bigoted'". BBC News. 28 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8649476.stm". Retrieved 26 May 2010. 
  36. ↑ [1]

Bibliography

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