Guangzhou

Guangzhou
广州
—  Sub-provincial city  —
City of Guangzhou · 广州市
From top: Zhujiang New Town's Skyline, the Canton Tower, Pearl River Bridge, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Statue of Five Goats, Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Park, and Sacred Heart Cathedral.
Nickname(s): The Flower City, Five Goats City, Goat City, Wheats City, Ceiba City, Immortals City
Location of Guangzhou within Guangdong in China
Guangzhou is located in China
Guangzhou
Location in China
Coordinates:
Country China
Province Guangdong
Officiated 1918
Government
 - Mayor Wan Qingliang
Area[1]
 - Sub-provincial city 7,434.40 km2 (2,870.44 sq mi)
 - Urban 3,843.43 km2 (1,483.96 sq mi)
Elevation 11 m (36 ft)
Population (2008)[1][2]
 - Sub-provincial city 7,841,695†
 - Density 1,055/km2 (2,732.4/sq mi)
 - Urban 6,458,299‡
 - Metro 10,182,000*
 - Metro density 1,370/km2 (3,548.3/sq mi)
  †Refers to population with residence registration.
‡Refers to population in urban districts.
*Refers to permanent population.
Time zone CST (UTC+8)
Postal code 510000
GDP[2] 2009
 - Total CNY 911.276 billion (USD 133.5 billion)
 - Per capita CNY 89,498(USD 13,111)
 - PPP per capita USD 23,232
 - Growth increase 12.3%
Website http://www.gz.gov.cn
Guangzhou
Simplified Chinese 广州
Traditional Chinese 廣州
Cantonese Jyutping Gwong² zau1
Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu
Literal meaning Wide State or Capital of Guangfu

Guangzhou[3] (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu; Mandarin pronunciation: [ku̯ɑŋ˧˩ t͡ʂoʊ̯˥˥]; jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Cantonese Yale: Gwóngjàu), in English and other European languages also known as Canton[4] (which was first romanized from the Cantonese pronunciation of Guangdong by the Portuguese) and also known as Kwangchow, is one of the five National Central Cities[5] and a sub-provincial city located in southern China in the middle of Guangdong Province north of the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Hong Kong.[6]

It is the third largest city in China and the capital of Guangdong Province, southern China's largest city and key transportation hub and trading port, located on the Pearl River which is navigable to the South China Sea.[6] As of the 2000 census, the city has a population of 6 million, and an urban area population of roughly 11.85 million,[7] making it the most populous city in the province and the third most populous metropolitan area in China. The Guangzhou government's official estimate of the city's population at the end of 2009 was 10,334,500, an addition of 152,500 people from last year.[8]

Contents

History

Site of the first National Congress of Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party)
Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War
1919 street scene
Huanghuagang Mausoleum of 72 Martyrs
1888 German map of Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangzhou

The first known city built at the site of Guangzhou was Panyu (Fan-Yü) ( 蕃禺, later simplified to 番禺; Poon Yu in Cantonese) founded in 214 BC. The city has been continuously occupied since that time. Panyu was expanded when it became the capital of the Nanyue Kingdom (南越) in 206 BC, the Nanyue Kingdom also included today's Vietnam.

The Han Dynasty annexed Nanyue in 111 BC, and Panyu became a provincial capital and remains so today. In 226 AD, the city however became the seat of the Guang Prefecture (廣州; Guangzhou). Therefore, "Guangzhou" was the name of the prefecture, not of the city. However, people grew accustomed to calling the city Guangzhou, instead of Panyu.

Although the Chinese name Guangzhou replaced Panyu as the name of the walled city, Panyu was still the name of the area surrounding the walled city until the end of Qing era.. Today, Panyu generally refers to the region to the south of Haizhu District, which is separated by the Pearl River.

Arab and Persian pirates sacked Guangzhou (known to them as Sin-Kalan) in AD 758, ² according to a local Guangzhou government report on October 30 758, which corresponded to the day of Guisi (癸巳) of the ninth lunar month in the first year of the Qianyuan era of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty.[9][10][11] The Arab historian Abu Zayd Hasan of Siraf reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged the city and killed a large number of foreign merchants resident there.[12][13]

From the tenth to twelfth century, Persian women were to be found in Guangzhou, some of them like Mei Zhu in the harem of the Emperor Liu Chang.[14][15]

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the celebrated poet Su Shi (Shisu) visited Guangzhou's Baozhuangyan Temple and wrote the inscription "Liu Rong" (Six Banyan Trees) because of the six banyan trees he saw there. It has since been called the Temple of the 6 Banyan Trees.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Guangzhou by sea in 1514, establishing a monopoly on the external trade out of its harbour by 1517.[16] They were later expelled from their settlements in Guangzhou (Cantão in Portuguese), but instead granted use of Macau as a trade base with the city in 1557. They would keep a near monopoly on foreign trade in the region until the arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century.

It is believed that the romanisation "Canton" originated from Portuguese Cantão, which was transcribed from Guangdong. Nevertheless, because at the time of the Portuguese arrival the capital city had no specific appellation other than Shang Sheng(省城, lit. the provincial capital) by its people, the province name was adopted for the walled city by the Europeans. The etymology of Canton, as well as the similar pronunciation with the province name Guangdong might have partly contributed to the recent confusion of Canton and Guangdong by certain English speakers. However, definitive English lexica, such as Merriam–Webster's Dictionary, American Heritage Dictionary and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English don't list Guangdong as a synonym (or variant) under Canton.

After China gained control of Taiwan in 1683, the Qing government became more open to foreign trade. Guangzhou quickly emerged as one of the most suitable ports for international trade and before long ships arrived from all over the world.

The Portuguese in Macau, the Spanish in Manila, Armenians, and Muslims from India were already actively trading in the port by the 1690s, when the French and English began frequenting the port through the Canton System.

Other companies were soon to follow: the Ostend General India company in 1717; Dutch East India Company in 1729; the first Danish ship in 1731, which was followed by a Danish Asiatic Company ship in 1734; the Swedish East India Company in 1732; followed by an occasional Prussian and Trieste Company ship; the Americans in 1784; and the first ships from Australia in 1788.

By the middle of the 18th century, Guangzhou had emerged as one of the world's great trading ports under the Thirteen Factories, which was a distinction it maintained until the outbreak of the Opium Wars in 1839 and the opening of other ports in China in 1842. The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top 3 cities in the world.[17]

In 1918, the city's urban council was established and "Guangzhou" became the official name of the city. Panyu became a county's name to the southern side of Guangzhou.

In both 1930 and 1953, Guangzhou was promoted to the status of a Municipality, but each time promotion was rescinded within a year.

Japanese troops occupied Guangzhou from October 12, 1938 to September 16, 1945, after violent bombings. In the city, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted bacteriological research unit 8604, a section of unit 731, where Japanese doctors experimented on human prisoners.

After the fall of the capital Nanjing in April 1949, the Nationalist government under the acting president Li Zongren relocated to Guangzhou.

Communist forces entered the city on October 14, 1949. This led the nationalists to blow up the Haizhu bridge as the major link across the Pearl River and to the acting president's leaving for New York, whereas Chiang Kai-shek set up the capital for the Nationalist government in Chongqing again. The urban renewal projects of the new communist government improved the lives of some residents. New housing on the shores of the Pearl River provided homes for the poor boat people. Reforms by Deng Xiaoping, who came to power in the late 1970s, led to rapid economic growth due to the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and access to the Pearl River.

As labor costs increased in Hong Kong, manufacturers opened new plants in the cities of Guangdong including Guangzhou. As the largest city in one of China's wealthiest provinces, Guangzhou attracts farmers from the countryside looking for factory work. Cantonese links to overseas Chinese and beneficial tax reforms of the 1990s have aided the city's rapid growth.

In 2000, Huadu and Panyu were merged into Guangzhou as districts, and Conghua and Zengcheng became county-level cities of Guangzhou.

Based on a report in the Guangzhou Daily, there might be as many as 100,000 Africans in Guangzhou, a number that the newspaper reports has been increasing at an annual rate of 30 to 40% since 2003.[18][19]

Geography

Guangzhou
Climate chart ()
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average max. and min. temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: CMA [20]

Guangzhou spans from 112°57'E to 114°3'E and 22°26'N to 23°56'N. The city is part of the Pearl River Delta situated next to the Baiyun Mountain, which is locally referred to as ‘the lung of the city’.[6][21]

Climate

Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) influenced by the Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. The annual average temperature in Guangzhou is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F),[6] the relative humidity is approximately 68%, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,700 mm (67 in).[6]

Climate data for Guangzhou (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9)		 18.5
(65.3)		 21.6
(70.9)		 25.7
(78.3)		 29.3
(84.7)		 31.5
(88.7)		 32.8
(91)		 32.7
(90.9)		 31.5
(88.7)		 28.8
(83.8)		 24.5
(76.1)		 20.6
(69.1)		 26.3
(79.3)
Average low °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5)		 11.7
(53.1)		 15.2
(59.4)		 19.5
(67.1)		 22.7
(72.9)		 24.8
(76.6)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.4
(77.7)		 24.0
(75.2)		 20.8
(69.4)		 15.9
(60.6)		 11.5
(52.7)		 18.9
(66)
Rainfall mm (inches) 40.9
(1.61)		 69.4
(2.732)		 84.7
(3.335)		 201.2
(7.921)		 283.7
(11.169)		 276.2
(10.874)		 232.5
(9.154)		 227.0
(8.937)		 166.2
(6.543)		 87.3
(3.437)		 35.4
(1.394)		 31.6
(1.244)		 1,736.1
(68.35)
% Humidity 72 78 82 84 84 84 82 82 78 72 66 66 77.5
Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.5 11.2 15.0 16.3 18.3 18.2 15.9 16.8 12.5 7.1 5.5 4.9 149.2
Sunshine hours 118.5 71.6 62.4 65.1 104.0 140.2 202.0 173.5 170.2 181.8 172.7 166.0 1,628.0
Source: China Meteorological Administration[20]

Administrative divisions

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over ten districts (区 qu) and two county-level cities (市 shi) :

Map Subdivision Hanzi Population (2008) Area (km²) Density (per km²)
Subdivisions of Guangzhou-China.png
■ Yuexiu District 越秀区 1,162,500 32.82 35,420
■ Liwan District 荔湾区 733,500 62.40 11,754
■ Haizhu District 海珠区 922,700 90.4 10,206
■ Tianhe District 天河区 1,149,300 141 8,151
Central Guangzhou 3,968,000 326.62 12,148
■ Baiyun District 白云区 1,636,700 825 1,983
■ Huangpu District 黄埔区 197,100 122 1,615
■ Luogang District 萝岗区 171,600 389.06 441
Inner Suburbs 2,005,400 1,336.06 1,500
■ Huadu District 花都区 728,600 961 758
■ Panyu District 番禺区 1,495,800 661.88 2,259
■ Nansha District 南沙区 148,600 544.12 273
Outer Suburbs 2,373,000 2,167 1,095
■ Zengcheng 增城市 826,600 1,741.4 474
■ Conghua 从化市 556,800 1,974.5 281
Satellite Cities 1,383,400 3,715.9 372

As of April 28, 2005, the districts of Dongshan and Fangcun have been abolished and merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively; at the same time the district of Nansha was established out of parts of Panyu, and the district of Luogang was established out of parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, and Zengcheng, plus a part of Huangpu, making an exclave next to Huangpu.

Development plan

In January 2009 the National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta Region. On March 19, 2009 the Guangzhou Municipal Government and Foshan Municipal Government both agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[22]

Significant modern buildings

Economy

Guangzhou's Yuexiu CBD and Financial Centres.
Tianhe CBD at night with CITIC Plaza

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2008, the GDP reached ¥821.58 billion (US $118 billion), per capita was ¥81,233 (US $11,696).[23]

The China Import and Export Fair, also called "Canton Fair", is held every year in April and October by Ministry of Trading. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the Fair is a major event for the city. From the 104th session, Liuhua Complex is not in use to hold Canton Fair. All the booths have been transferred to Pazhou Complex. From the 104th session, Canton Fair has been arranged in 3 phases instead of 2 phases.

Industrial zones

The zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36sqkm.[24] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include auto-mobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated near to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and Shenzhen Port.[24]

The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and located near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is situated very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[25] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing industry and computer software.

Science City

Malls and Pedestrian Streets

Transportation

One of the new buses
Gongyuanqian Station of Guangzhou Metro
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
A CRH3 Train at Guangzhou South Railway Station

Public transport

Guangzhou Metro

With the first line of Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou is the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. Currently the underground network is made up of five lines, covering a total length of 157 km (98 mi), while another four lines are under construction and due to be completed in 2010 before the Asian Games. A long term plan is to make the city's underground system expand over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation.

The existing five lines of Guangzhou Metro network:

Buses, taxis and motorcyles

From January 1, 2007, the municipal government has banned motorcycles in the urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban will be confiscated.[26] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[27]

According to a report on the China Daily of July 6, 2007, all buses and taxis in Guangzhou will be LPG-fueled by 2010 to promote clean energy for transportation and improve the environment.[28] At present, Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world. As of the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85% of all buses and taxis.

Air transport

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District opened on August 5, 2004. This airport is also the 2nd busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city centre and failed to meet the fast-growing air traffic demand.

Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned to be built.[29]

Railway transport

Guangzhou now has the JingGuang railway (Beijing-Guangzhou), the GuangShen railway (Guangzhou-Shenzhen), the GuangMao railway (Guangzhou-Maoming) and the GuangMeiShan railway (Guangzhou-Meizhou-Shantou). In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway started its service, which enables Multiple unit to cover 610 miles at an average speed of 194 mph.

Intercity transport to Hong Kong

Guangzhou is well connected to Hong Kong by train, coach and ferry. The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station (simplified Chinese: 广州东站; traditional Chinese: 廣州東站; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu Dōngzhàn) and arrive at the Hung Hom KCR station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city.

River transport

There are daily ferry services including an overnight ferry service, which takes eight hours, as well as high-speed catamaran service which takes three hours, to the China Ferry Terminal or Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong. The Nansha Pier (新南沙客運港), located in the distant Nansha District outside the city centre, is also operating six daily 75-minute catamaran services to Hong Kong.

Local products

Culture

According to the official People's Daily newspaper, Cantonese is the first language for half of the 14 million residents of the provincial capital Guangzhou, while the other half speak mainly Mandarin.[30]

Parks and gardens

Tourist attractions

Guangzhou has a humid, hot sub-tropical climate. Annual average temperature is 21.8 degrees. Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[31] There are many tourist attractions around the city which include:
Temple of the Six Banyan Trees  
Shishi Sacred Heart Cathedral  
The Huaisheng Mosque  
Colonial buildings on Shamian Island  
Towers in Guangzhou's CBD (left-center) with IFC/West Tower (right) and Guangzhou Opera House (front) under construction  
Pearl River at night  
Guangzhou TV & Sightseeing Tower, June 2009  
Entrance of Baiyun Mountain or Mount Baiyun  

Media

Guangzhou has two local radio stations, the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast Cantonese and Mandarin programmes in more than a dozen channels. The Beijing-based China National Radio broadcasts Putonghua programmes in the city. On the other hand, radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese whose programmes can be received in different parts of the city, depending on their locations and power. Radio Guangdong produces a 15-minute weekly English programme, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network but not in local channels. Daily English news and several other short weekly English programmes are also produced by Radio Guangdong.

Both TVB Pearl and ATV World, two major English channels in Hong Kong, can be received through cable TV in Guangzhou. The local Guangzhou Television also has its own English channel which runs all-English programmes from evening to midnight every day.

Guangzhou has some of the best Chinese-language newspapers in Mainland China, published by three big newspaper groups in the city. The Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation and Yangcheng Evening News Group dominate the newspaper market of Guangdong Province or even South Mainland China. The two leading newspaper of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. Guangzhou Daily, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers, most notably that's PRD (formerly that's Guangzhou) which was started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into one of China's leading expat magazines with issues in Beijing, Shanghai and formerly Suzhou.

Education

Higher education institutes

Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science, Sun Yat-sen University
The main gate of Sun Yat-sen University

Universities and colleges

Note: Institutes without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre also known as Guangzhou University City is a large university complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. This huge higher education centre occupies the entire Xiaoguwei island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 square kilometres. It houses new campuses from ten universities, nine of which still maintain their old campuses in downtown Guangzhou. The whole Higher Education Mega Centre can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers and 50,000 staff.[32]

Universities which have campuses in the Mega Centre:

Secondary and high schools

International schools

Sports

Guangdong Olympic Stadium

Guangzhou is hosting the 16th Asian Games in 2010 from November 12–27.

Guangzhou also hosted the following major events:

Current professional sports clubs (football and basketball) based in Guangzhou include:

Sport League Tier Club Stadium
Football China League One 2nd Guangzhou Evergrande Yuexiushan Stadium
Football China League One 2nd Guangdong Sunray Cave Huangpu Stadium
Basketball National Basketball League 2nd Guangzhou Freemen Tianhe Stadium
Basketball National Basketball League 2nd Guangzhou Six-rice Huangpu Stadium
Baseball China Baseball League 1st Guangdong Leopards Guangdong Olympic Stadium

International relations

Sister cities

Guangzhou is twinned with the following cities:[33]

Country City County/District/Province/Region/State Date
 Japan Fukuoka Fukuoka May 2, 1979
 USA Los Angeles California December 8, 1981
 Philippines Manila Metro Manila November 5, 1982
 Canada Vancouver British Columbia March 27, 1985
 Australia Sydney New South Wales May 12, 1986
 Italy Bari Bari November 12, 1986
 France Lyon Rhône January 19, 1988
 Germany Frankfurt Hesse April 11, 1988
 New Zealand Auckland Auckland February 17, 1989
 South Korea Gwangju Gwangju October 25, 1996
 Sweden Linköping Östergötland November 24, 1997
 South Africa Durban KwaZulu-Natal July 17, 2000
 United Kingdom Bristol England May 23, 2001
 Russia Yekaterinburg Sverdlovsk July 10, 2002
 Peru Arequipa Arequipa October 27, 2004
 Indonesia Surabaya East Java December 21, 2005
 Lithuania Vilnius Vilnius October 12, 2006
 United Kingdom Birmingham England December 4, 2006
 Sri Lanka Hambantota Hambantota February 27, 2007
 Brazil Recife Pernambuco October 22, 2007
 Finland Tampere Pirkanmaa December 2, 2008
 Thailand Bangkok Bangkok November 13, 2009

Friendship cities

Guangzhou has the following friendship cities:[34]

Country City County/District/Province/Region/State Date
 Brazil Salvador Bahia April 6, 1996
 Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Municipality of Vietnam April 11, 1996
 Japan Ōita Ōita October 9, 1997
 Russia Khabarovsk Khabarovsk October 15, 1997
 United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai June 1, 2000
 United States Guam Unincorporated organized territories March 28, 2002
 Japan Noboribetsu Hokkaidō May 19, 2002
 Australia Melbourne Victoria April 9, 2003
 Egypt Alexandria Alexandria July 17, 2003
 Spain Barcelona Catalonia October 23, 2003
 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Chuy December 1, 2004
 Cuba Havana Havana June 15, 2005
 Germany Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia July 25, 2006

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "土地面积、人口密度（2008年）". Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou. http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/yearqueryAction.do?method=displayRpt&ACTFLAG=3&FID=21901&RPTID=TJ_RPT_984248444736412557&RPTNAME=%CD%C1%B5%D8%C3%E6%BB%FD%BA%CD%C8%CB%BF%DA%C3%DC%B6%C8&FLTITLE=%B9%E3%D6%DD%CD%B3%BC%C6%D7%CA%C1%CF%282008%C4%EA%29. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Guangdong Statistical Yearbook". Statistics Bureau of Guangdong. http://www.gdstats.gov.cn/tjnj/ml_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  3. ↑ "MapMachine". Maps.nationalgeographic.com. http://maps.nationalgeographic.com/maps/map-machine#s=r&c=23.280205390701127,%20113.15643310546875&z=9. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  4. ↑ A concise history of Hong Kong By John Mark Carroll. Books.google.ca. http://books.google.ca/books?id=D37ijXG-FykC&pg=PP11&lpg=PP11&dq=guangzhou+china+romanization&source=bl&ots=OdXZcEKYlG&sig=4QCtFsuxQ5vDjL4bQ8421p7_Z9g&hl=en&ei=mKC7Som9MIqKMaGooLcO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=35#v=onepage&q=guangzhou%20china%20romanization&f=false. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  5. ↑ "全国城镇规划确定五大中心城市". Southern Metropolitan Daily. 2010-02-09. http://gcontent.oeeee.com/b/15/b1563a78ec593375/Blog/300/19c802.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Tourism Administration of Guangzhou Municipality". visitgz.com. http://www.visitgz.com/en/About%20Guangzhou/Introduction/280318.html. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 
  7. ↑ "Demographia World Urban Areas population projections" (PDF). http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua2015.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  8. ↑ 2009年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 03-29-2010
  9. ↑ Welsh, Frank (1974). Maya Rao. ed. A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong. p. 13. ISBN 1-56836-134-3. 
  10. ↑ Needham, Joseph (1954). Science & Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 179. 
  11. ↑ Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government). 
  12. ↑ Gabriel Ferrand, ed (1922). Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, rédigé en 851, suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan (vers 916). p. 76. 
  13. ↑ Kaifung Jews. Division of Religion and Philosophy. University of Cumbria.
  14. ↑ Walter Joseph Fischel (1951). Semitic and Oriental studies: a volume presented to William Popper, professor of Semitic languages, emeritus, on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, October 29, 1949. University of California Press. p. 407. http://books.google.com/books?id=v68NAAAAIAAJ&q=persian+harem+southern+han&dq=persian+harem+southern+han&hl=en&ei=CesrTJzhD8OclgfClKXHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2010-06-29. 
  15. ↑ University of California (1868-1952), University of California (System), University of California, Berkeley (1951). University of California publications in Semitic philology, Volumes 11-12. University of California Press. p. 407. http://books.google.com/books?ei=CesrTJzhD8OclgfClKXHCQ&ct=result&id=zucsAQAAIAAJ&dq=persian+harem+southern+han&q=persian+harem+liu+ch%27ang+southern+han. Retrieved 2010-06-29. 
  16. ↑ Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, "The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8", Cambridge University Press, 1978, ISBN 0521243335
  17. ↑ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800". About.com. http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201e.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  18. ↑ "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration". Migrationinformation.org. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  19. ↑ Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle. Reuters News. August 20, 2009.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）" (in Simplified Chinese). http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/index3.jsp?tpcat=SURF&dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&pageid=3. Retrieved March 2009. 
  21. ↑ Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area
  22. ↑ "Guangzhou and Foshan signed "City Merge Cooperation Framework"". News.xinhuanet.com. http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-03/19/content_11037051.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  23. ↑ "Guangzhou's GDP Per Capita Exceeds 10,000 USD, Double of Province's Average". Life of Guangzhou. 2009-01-27. http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_34/node_280/2009/01/27/123302858459445.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-17. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "RightSite.asia". RightSite.asia. http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/guangzhou-nansha-export-processing-zone/. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  25. ↑ "RightSite.asia". RightSite.asia. http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/guangzhou-free-trade-zone/. Retrieved 2010-05-06. 
  26. ↑ "Guangzhou Bans Motorcycles". Life of Guangzhou. 2007-01-03. http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_85/2007/01/03/116778797013245.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  27. ↑ "Traffic Jam Improve after Motorcycle Ban". Life of Guangzhou. 2007-01-19. http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_85/2007/01/19/116916856413959.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  28. ↑ "Date set for LPG-fueled buses, taxis". China Daily. 2007-07-06. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-07/06/content_911176.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  29. ↑ "http://www.newsgd.com/specials/airportguide/airportnews/content/2009-06/01/content_5204382.htm". NEWSGD.com. 2009-06-01. http://www.newsgd.com/specials/airportguide/airportnews/content/2009-06/01/content_5204382.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-06. 
  30. ↑ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/25/protesters-guangzhou-protect-cantonese
  31. ↑ "Travel China Guide: Fascinating Guangzhou". Blogspot. 2008-08-12. http://worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com/2008/08/travel-china-guide-fascinating.html. Retrieved 2008-08-21. 
  32. ↑ "Mega Campus goes Wireless" (PDF). Intel Corporation. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20080227005555/http://www.intel.com/business/casestudies/guangzhou_higher_education.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  33. ↑ "Sister Cities of Guangzhou". Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Item/3970.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
  34. ↑ "Friendship Cities of Guangzhou". http://www.2009scc.com/__fclist.asp. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 

External links

Preceded by
Nanjing		 Capital of the Republic of China (during Chinese Civil War)
1949		 Succeeded by
Chongqing