March 31

March 31 is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 275 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian.
• 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade. Louis VII is present, and joins the Crusade.
• 1492 – Queen Isabella of Castille issues the Alhambra decree, ordering her 150,000 Jewish subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.
• 1717 – A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, provokes the Bangorian Controversy.
• 1774 – American Revolutionary War: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed pursuant to the Boston Port Act.
• 1822 – The massacre of the population of the Greek island of Chios by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire following a rebellion attempt, depicted by the French artist Eugène Delacroix.
• 1854 – Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
• 1866 – The Spanish Navy bombs the harbor of Valparaíso, Chile.
• 1877 – The family with samurai antecedents that responded to the Saigo army in Ōita Nakatsu, rebels.
• 1885 – The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland.
• 1889 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated.
• 1903 – Richard Pearse allegedly makes a powered flight in an early aircraft.
• 1906 – The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for amateur sports in the United States.
• 1909 – Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• 1909 – Construction begins on the RMS Titanic.
• 1910 – Six North Staffordshire Pottery towns federate to form modern Stoke-on-Trent
• 1912 – Construction is completed on the RMS Titanic.
• 1917 – The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies after paying $25 million to Denmark, and renames the territory the United States Virgin Islands.
• 1918 – Massacre of ethnic Azerbaijanis was committed by allied armed groups of Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Bolsheviks. Nearly 12,000 Azerbaijani Muslims were killed. The day is observed in Azerbaijan as Day of Azerbaijani Genocide
• 1918 – Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
• 1921 – The Royal Australian Air Force is formed.
• 1930 – The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in film, in the U.S., for the next thirty eight years.
• 1931 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000.
• 1933 – The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment.
• 1942 – World War II: Japanese forces invade Christmas Island, then a British possession.
• 1946 – The first election is held in Greece after World War II.
• 1949 – The Dominion of Newfoundland joins the Canadian Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada.
• 1951 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.
• 1957 – Elections to the Territorial Assembly of the French colony Upper Volta are held. After the elections PDU and MDV form a government.
• 1959 – The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
• 1964 – The Brazilian military government, under the aegis of general Castello Branco, begins.
• 1965 – An Iberia Airlines Convair 440 crashes into the sea on approach to Tangier, killing 47 of 51 occupants.
• 1966 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon.
• 1968 – President Lyndon B. Johnson announces he will not run for re-election.
• 1970 – Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.
• 1970 – Nine terrorists from the Japanese Red Army hijack Japan Airlines Flight 351 at Tokyo International Airport, wielding samurai swords and carrying a bomb.
• 1979 – The last British soldier leaves the Maltese Islands. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien).
• 1980 – The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad operates its final train after being ordered to liquidate its assets because of bankruptcy and debts owed to creditors.
• 1985 – The first WrestleMania, the biggest wrestling event from the WWE (then the WWF), takes place in Madison Square Garden in New York
• 1986 – A Mexicana Boeing 727 en route to Puerto Vallarta erupts in flames and crashes in the mountains northwest of Mexico City, killing 166.
• 1986 – Six metropolitan county councils are abolished in England.
• 1990 – 200,000 protestors take to the streets of London to protest against the newly introduced Poll Tax.
• 1991 – The Islamic Constitutional Movement, or Hadas, is established in Kuwait.
• 1991 – Georgian independence referendum, 1991: nearly 99 percent of the voters support the country's independence from the Soviet Union.
• 1992 – The USS Missouri, the last active United States Navy battleship, is decommissioned in Long Beach, California.
• 1994 – Human evolution: The journal Nature reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete Australopithecus afarensis skull.
• 1998 – Netscape releases the code base of its browser under an open-source license agreement; the project is given the code name Mozilla and is eventually spun off into the non-profit Mozilla Foundation.
• 2004 – In Fallujah, Iraq, 4 American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA, are killed after being ambushed and their bodies mutilated.
• 2008 – Aloha Airlines, a bankrupt airline, permanently ends passenger service

Births

• 250 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (d. 306)
• 1360 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen of Portugal (d. 1415)
• 1425 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (d. 1468)
• 1499 – Pope Pius IV (d. 1565)
• 1504 – Guru Angad Dev, second Sikh guru (d. 1552)
• 1519 – King Henry II of France (d. 1559)
• 1536 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (d. 1565)
• 1576 – Louise Juliana of Nassau, Regent of Bohemia (d. 1644)
• 1596 – René Descartes, French philosopher, mathematician (d. 1650)
• 1621 – Andrew Marvell, English poet (d. 1678)
• 1651 – Karl II, Elector Palatine (d. 1685)
• 1675 – Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
• 1718 – Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain, queen regent of Portugal (d. 1781)
• 1723 – King Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766)
• 1730 – Étienne Bézout, French mathematician (d. 1783)
• 1732 – Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1809)
• 1777 – Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (d. 1859)
• 1778 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist (d. 1858)
• 1794 – Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan, American politician 2nd United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 1852)
• 1809 – Edward FitzGerald, English poet (d. 1883)
• 1819 – Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1901)
• 1847 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician (d. 1878)
• 1855 – Alfred E. Hunt, founder of Alcoa (d. 1899)
• 1871 – Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)
• 1872 – Alexandra Kollontai, Russian ambassador to Norway (d. 1952)
• 1872 – Serge Diaghilev, Russian ballet impresario (Ballets Russes) (d. 1929)
• 1876 – Borisav "Bora" Stanković, Serbian writer (d. 1927)
• 1878 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
• 1884 – Adriaan van Maanen, Dutch-American astronomer (d. 1946)
• 1885 – Pascin, Bulgarian painter (d. 1930)
• 1890 – William Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1971)
• 1891 – Victor Varconi, Hungarian film actor (d. 1976)
• 1893 – Clemens Krauss, Austrian conductor (d. 1954)
• 1895 – Vardis Fisher, American author (d. 1968)
• 1906 – Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1979)
• 1907 – Eddie Quillan, American actor (d. 1990)
• 1908 – Red Norvo, American jazz vibraphonist (d. 1999)
• 1911 – Elisabeth Grümmer, German soprano (d. 1986)
• 1912 – William Lederer, American writer (d. 2009)
• 1914 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1998)
• 1915 – Albert Hourani, English historian (d. 1993)
• 1915 – Shoichi Yokoi, Japanese military man (d. 1997)
• 1916 – Lucille Bliss, American voice actress
• 1916 – John H. Wood, Jr., American federal judge (d. 1979)
• 1919 – Frank Akins, American football player (d. 1993)
• 1920 – Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, English Duchess, now Dowager Duchess
• 1922 – Richard Kiley, American actor and singer (d. 1999)
• 1924 – Leo Buscaglia, American author (d. 1998)
• 1924 – Charles Guggenheim, American film director/producer (d. 2002)
• 1925 – Jean Coutu, French Canadian actor (d. 1999)
• 1926 – John Fowles, English author (d. 2005)
• 1927 – César Chávez, American labor activist (d. 1993)
• 1927 – William Daniels, American actor
• 1928 – Lefty Frizzell, American singer and songwriter (d. 1975)
• 1928 – Gordie Howe, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1929 – Liz Claiborne, Belgian-born American fashion designer (d. 2007)
• 1929 – Bertram Fields, American lawyer
• 1931 – Miller Barber, American golfer
• 1932 – Nagisa Oshima, Japanese film director
• 1933 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet (d. 1983)
• 1934 – Richard Chamberlain, American actor
• 1934 – Shirley Jones, American singer and actress
• 1934 – Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist, Nobel Laureate
• 1934 – John D. Loudermilk, American singer and songwriter
• 1935 – Herb Alpert, American trumpeter and band leader
• 1935 – Judith Rossner, American author
• 1936 – Bob Pulford, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1936 – Marge Piercy, American writer
• 1936 – Dokumamushi Sandayu, Japanese actor
• 1938 – Sheila Dikshit, Chief Minister of Delhi
• 1938 – Bill Hicke, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2005)
• 1938 – Michiko Nomura, Japanese voice actor
• 1938 – Arthur B. Rubinstein, American composer
• 1938 – David Steel, Scottish politician
• 1939 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, 1st President of Georgia (d. 1993)
• 1939 – Volker Schlöndorff, German film director
• 1940 – Barney Frank, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
• 1940 – Patrick Leahy, U.S. Senator from Vermont
• 1942 – Michael Savage, (né Michael Weiner) American talk radio host and political commentator
• 1942 – Ulla Hoffmann, Swedish politician
• 1943 – Christopher Walken, American actor
• 1944 – Pascal Danel, French singer and songwriter
• 1944 – Mick Ralphs, English guitarist (Mott the Hoople, Bad Company)
• 1945 – Valerie Curtin, American actress, writer, and producer
• 1945 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (d. 1995)
• 1945 – Gabe Kaplan, American actor and comedian
• 1946 – Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1984)
• 1947 – César Gaviria Trujillo, 36th President of Colombia
• 1947 – Kristian Blak, Danish musician, composer and recording executive
• 1948 – Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel laureate
• 1948 – Rhea Perlman, American actress
• 1948 – Gustaaf Van Cauter, Belgian cyclist
• 1950 – Ed Marinaro, American football player and actor
• 1950 – András Adorján, Hungarian chess player
• 1951 – Frankie Sabath, Puerto Rican performer/singer
• 1952 – Dermot Morgan, Irish actor and comedian (d. 1998)
• 1955 – Angus Young, Scottish-born Australian guitarist (AC/DC)
• 1955 – Robert Vance, New Zealand cricketer
• 1957 – Marc McClure, American actor
• 1957 – Alan Duncan, British politician
• 1958 – Tony Cox, American actor
• 1959 – Ali McMordie, Irish bassist (Stiff Little Fingers)
• 1962 – John Taylor, American football player
• 1962 – Mark Begich, U.S. Senator from Alaska
• 1963 – Paul Mercurio, Australian actor/dancer
• 1964 – Fez Marie Whatley, American radio host and comedian (The Ron and Fez Show)
• 1964 – Paul Wong Koon-Chung, Hong Kong musician (Beyond)
• 1965 – Tom Barrasso, American ice hockey player
• 1965 – Jean-Christophe Lafaille, French mountaineer (d. 2006)
• 1965 – Steven T. Seagle, American comic-book writer
• 1966 – Roger Black, English athlete
• 1968 – Naoya Ogawa, Japanese professional wrestler
• 1968 – J.R. Reid, American basketball player
• 1969 – Samantha Brown, American television host
• 1969 – Nyamko Sabuni, Swedish politician
• 1969 – Steve Smith, American basketball player
• 1971 – Pavel Bure, Russian ice hockey player
• 1971 – Craig McCracken, American Animator
• 1971 – Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor
• 1972 – Alejandro Amenábar, Spanish film director
• 1972 – Andrew Bowen, American actor
• 1972 – Hristos Polihroniou, Greek hammer thrower
• 1972 – Ze Frank, American Internet Personality
• 1973 – Bold Forbes, Puerto Rican/American thoroughbred racehorse (d. 2000)
• 1974 – Stefan Olsdal, Swedish bassist (Placebo)
• 1974 – Benjamin Eicher, Swiss film director
• 1975 – Adam Green, American film director
• 1975 – Emma Atkins, English actress
• 1976 – Sugiantoro, Jakarta Youth Socialist Leader
• 1976 – Josh Saviano, American actor
• 1976 – Ashton Moore, American porn actress
• 1977 – Toshiya, Japanese musician (Dir en grey)
• 1977 – Garth Tander, Australian racing driver
• 1978 – Stephen Clemence, English footballer
• 1978 – Jérôme Rothen, French footballer
• 1978 – Tony Yayo, American rapper
• 1979 – Josh Kinney, American baseball player
• 1980 – Chien-Ming Wang, Taiwanese baseball player
• 1980 – Maaya Sakamoto, Japanese voice actor
• 1980 – Michael Ryder, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 – Dean Clark, English footballer
• 1981 – Maarten van der Weijden, Dutch swimmer
• 1981 – Gerard McCarthy, British actor
• 1981 – Pa Dembo Tourray, Gambian footballer
• 1982 – Ryland Blackinton, American guitarist (Cobra Starship)
• 1982 – Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer
• 1982 – Lennon Murphy, American rock singer/songwriter
• 1983 – Paddy McCarthy, Irish footballer
• 1983 – Vlasios Maras, Greek gymnast
• 1984 – Dario Bova, Italian footballer
• 1984 – James Jones, American football player
• 1984 – David Clarkson, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1984 – Yanin Vismistananda, Thai actress
• 1985 – Jessica Szohr, American actress
• 1987 – Georg Listing, German bassist (Tokio Hotel)
• 1987 – Humpy Koneru, Indian chess grandmaster
• 1987 – Nordin Amrabat , Dutch football player
• 1988 – Hogan Ephraim, English footballer
• 1989 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer
• 2003 – Carl Alexander Acosta, Filipino child actor and dancer

Deaths

• 1074 – Regency Yorimichi Fujiwara of Japan (b. 992)
• 1204 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England (b. 1121)
• 1340 – Ivan I of Russia, Prince of Moscow (b. 1288)
• 1547 – Francis I of France (b. 1494)
• 1567 – Philipp I of Hesse (b. 1504)
• 1621 – Philip III of Spain (b. 1578)
• 1631 – John Donne, English writer and prelate (b. 1572)
• 1671 – Anne Hyde, wife of James II of England (b. 1637)
• 1703 – Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (b. 1642)
• 1723 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British-born U.S. state governor (b. 1661)
• 1727 – Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist (b. 1643)
• 1741 – Pieter Burmann the Elder, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668)
• 1783 – Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (b. 1718)
• 1797 – Olaudah Equiano, nigerian slave (b.1745)
• 1837 – John Constable, English painter (b. 1776)
• 1850 – John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782)
• 1855 – Charlotte Brontë, English author (b. 1816)
• 1877 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician (b. 1801)
• 1880 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (b. 1835)
• 1885 – Franz Wilhelm Abt, German composer (b. 1819)
• 1913 – John Pierpont Morgan, American financier (b. 1837)
• 1917 – Emil Adolf von Behring, German physician, Nobel laureate (b. 1854)
• 1915 – Wyndham Halswelle, Scottish athlete (b. 1882)
• 1924 – George Charles Haité, English designer, painter and illustrator (b.1855)
• 1931 – Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
• 1935 – Georges V. Matchabelli, Russian-born perfumer (b. 1885)
• 1944 – Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)
• 1945 – Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1881)
• 1945 – Anne Frank, German-born diarist (b. 1929)
• 1945 – Frank Findlay, New Zealand politician (b. 1884)
• 1952 – Wallace H. White, Jr., American politician (b. 1877)
• 1956 – Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (b. 1884)
• 1968 – Grover Lowdermilk, American baseball player (b. 1885)
• 1972 – Meena Kumari, Indian actress (b. 1932)
• 1975 – Percy Alliss, English Golfer (b. 1897)
• 1976 – Paul Strand, American photographer and filmmaker (b. 1890)
• 1978 – Charles Best, Canadian medical scientist (b. 1899)
• 1980 – Vladimír Holan, Czech poet (b. 1905)
• 1980 – Jesse Owens, American athlete (b. 1913)
• 1981 – Enid Bagnold, British playwright (b. 1889)
• 1983 – Christina Stead, Australian writer (b. 1902)
• 1984 – Ronald Clark O'Bryan, American murderer (b. 1944)
• 1986 – O'Kelly Isley, Jr., American singer (The Isley Brothers) (b. 1937)
• 1986 – Jerry Paris, American actor (b. 1925)
• 1988 – William McMahon, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
• 1993 – Chichay, Filipino actress (b. 1918)
• 1993 – Brandon Lee, American actor (b. 1965)
• 1993 – Mitchell Parish, American lyricist (b. 1900)
• 1995 – Selena Quintanilla Perez, Mexican-American singer (b. 1971)
• 1996 – Jeffrey Lee Pierce, American musician (The Gun Club) (b. 1958)
• 1998 – Bella Abzug, American politician (b. 1920)
• 1998 – Tim Flock, American race car driver (b. 1924)
• 1999 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist (b. 1922)
• 2001 – Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1915)
• 2002 – Barry Took, British comedian (b. 1928)
• 2002 – Moturu Udayam, Indian women's activist (b. 1924)
• 2003 – H.S.M. Coxeter, English-born geometer (b. 1907)
• 2003 – Anne Gwynne, American film actress (b. 1918)
• 2003 – Tommy Seebach, Danish singer (b. 1949)
• 2004 – Scott Helvenston, American Navy SEAL and Blackwater Contractor (b. 1965)
• 2005 – Stanley J. Korsmeyer, American oncologist (b. 1951)
• 2005 – Justiniano Montano, Filipino politician (b. 1905)
• 2005 – Frank Perdue, American poultry farmer (b. 1920)
• 2005 – Terri Schiavo, American figure in right to die case (b. 1963)
• 2006 – Angela Devi, American adult model (b. 1975)
• 2006 – Jackie McLean, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1931)
• 2007 – Paul Watzlawick, Austrian-born theoreticist (b. 1921)
• 2008 – Jules Dassin, American film director (b. 1911)
• 2008 – Bill Keightley (Mr. Wildcat), American basketball equipment manager (b. 1926)
• 2009 – Jarl Alfredius, Swedish news anchor (b. 1943)
• 2009 – Raúl Alfonsín, former President of Argentina (b. 1927)
• 2009 – Choor Singh, Singaporean judge (b. 1911)
• 2010 – Shirley Mills, American actress (b. 1926)

Holidays and observances

• César Chávez Day (California, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, Michigan, New Mexico, Utah, and Wisconsin)
• Christian Feast Day
  • Abdas of Susa
  • Acathius of Melitene (Eastern Orthodox Church)
  • Anesius and companions
  • Benjamin
  • March 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Freedom Day (Malta)
• King Nangklao Memorial Day (Thailand)
• Thomas Mundy Peterson Day (New Jersey)
• Transfer Day (US Virgin Islands)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada